Editing Seasonal affective disorder (section)

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Seasonal affective disorder (Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern).webm|thumb|upright=1.3|Video explanation]]SAD is a type of [[major depressive disorder]], and those with the condition may exhibit any of the associated symptoms, such as feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness, thoughts of suicide, loss of interest in activities, withdrawal from social interaction, sleep and appetite problems, difficulty with concentrating and making decisions, decreased libido, a lack of energy, or agitation.<ref name="mayoclinic.com"/> Symptoms of winter SAD often include falling asleep earlier or in less than 5 minutes in the evening, oversleeping or difficulty waking up in the morning, nausea, and a tendency to overeat, often with a craving for carbohydrates, which leads to weight gain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Partonen T, Lönnqvist J | title = Seasonal affective disorder | journal = Lancet | volume = 352 | issue = 9137 | pages = 1369–74 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9802288 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)01015-0 | s2cid = 42760726 }}</ref> SAD is typically associated with winter depression, but [[springtime lethargy]] or other seasonal mood patterns are not uncommon.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)?|url=http://sadlampsusa.com/articles/what-is-sad/|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> Although each individual case is different, in contrast to winter SAD, people who experience spring and summer depression may be more likely to show symptoms such as insomnia, decreased appetite and weight loss, and agitation or anxiety.<ref name="mayoclinic.com"/>

===Bipolar disorder===
''With seasonal pattern'' is a specifier for ''bipolar and related disorders'', including bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder.<ref name="DSM-5-Bipolar and related disorders"/>
Most people with SAD experience [[major depressive disorder]], but as many as 20% may have a [[bipolar disorder]]. Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania or hypomania. Depressive episodes include symptoms such as low energy, difficulty concentrating, changes in sleep and appetite, feelings of hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts. Manic episodes, which are more common in bipolar I disorder, may include elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, impulsivity, and increased activity or risky behaviors. In contrast, hypomania (seen in bipolar II disorder) presents as a milder form of mania without significant impairment in daily life. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorders |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/Patients-Families/Bipolar-Disorders |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.psychiatry.org |language=en}}</ref> It is important to distinguish between diagnoses because there are important treatment differences.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mooddisorderscanada.ca/documents/Consumer%20and%20Family%20Support/Depression.pdf |title= Depression |access-date= August 8, 2009 |publisher= Mood Disorders Society of Canada |archive-date= July 6, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185913/http://www.mooddisorderscanada.ca/documents/Consumer%20and%20Family%20Support/Depression.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> In these cases, people who have the ''With seasonal pattern'' specifier may experience a depressive episode either due to major depressive disorder or as part of bipolar disorder during the winter and remit in the summer.<ref name="DSM-5-Bipolar and related disorders"/> Around 25% of patients with [[bipolar disorder]] may present with a depressive seasonal pattern, which is associated with bipolar II disorder, rapid cycling, eating disorders, and more depressive episodes.<ref name="Geoffroy-2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Geoffroy PA, Bellivier F, Scott J, Boudebesse C, Lajnef M, Gard S, Kahn JP, Azorin JM, Henry C, Leboyer M, Etain B | title = Bipolar disorder with seasonal pattern: clinical characteristics and gender influences | journal = Chronobiology International | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 1101–7 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23931033 | pmc = 5225270 | doi = 10.3109/07420528.2013.800091 }}</ref> Differences in biological sex display distinct clinical characteristics associated to seasonal pattern: males present with more Bipolar II disorder and a higher number of depressive episodes, and females with rapid cycling and eating disorders.<ref name="Geoffroy-2013"/>

=== ADHD ===
A study by the [[National Institutes of Health|National Institute of Health]] published findings in 2016 that concluded, "seasonal and circadian rhythm disturbances are significantly associated with [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]] symptoms." Participants in the study who had ADHD were three times more likely to have SAD symptoms (9.9% vs 3.3%), and about 2.7 times more likely to have s-SAD symptoms (12.5% vs 4.6%).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wynchank |first1=Dora S. |last2=Bijlenga |first2=Denise |last3=Lamers |first3=Femke |last4=Bron |first4=Tannetje I. |last5=Winthorst |first5=Wim H. |last6=Vogel |first6=Suzan W. |last7=Penninx |first7=Brenda W. |last8=Beekman |first8=Aartjan T. |last9=Kooij |first9=J. Sandra |date=2016-10-10 |title=ADHD, circadian rhythms and seasonality |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27423070/ |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=81 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.018 |issn=1879-1379 |pmid=27423070}}</ref> Those with ADHD and SAD are likely to experience sluggishness, irritability, and withdrawal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=ADDA Editorial |date=2023-11-30 |title=Beat the Blues! Tips for ADHD and Seasonal Affective Disorder |url=https://add.org/beat-the-blues-how-adults-with-adhd-can-recognize-and-treat-seasonal-affective-disorder-sad/?gad_source=1&gclid=cj0kcqjwhmq-bhcfarisagvo0kdaf8ftakgrffqqm0pkibofckczyhgycd9vxpp1qaigqlkkvyoqdaaaahhlealw_wcb |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ADDA - Attention Deficit Disorder Association |language=en-US}}</ref> A study published in the ''Journal of Affective Disorders'' found that approximately 27% of adults with ADHD also experience SAD, with women being more susceptible than men. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024-12-23 |title=Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500054-overview?utm_source=chatgpt.com&form=fpf}}</ref>