Editing Scottsdale, Arizona (section)

==History==
===Early history===
Scottsdale was originally a [[Akimel O'odham|Pima]] village known as {{lang|ood|Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ}}, meaning {{gloss|rotting hay}}.<ref>Saxton, Dean, Saxton, Lucille, & Enos, Susie. (1983). ''Dictionary: Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima''. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press</ref> Some Pima people remain there today. Until the late 1960s, there was a still-occupied traditional dwelling on the southeast corner of Indian Bend Road and Hayden Road. The Pima who live in Scottsdale today reside in modern houses, not traditional dwellings. Many Pima and Maricopa people live in the [[Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community]], which borders Scottsdale to the south and east.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebestofscottsdale.org/anoceanofsky/About.html|title=The Best of Scottsdale|access-date=January 5, 2014|archive-date=January 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034526/http://thebestofscottsdale.org/anoceanofsky/About.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Early history and establishment===
[[File:Winfield & Helen Scott, 1900.jpg|thumb|right|Winfield & Helen Scott, 1900]]
In the early to mid-1880s, [[U.S. Army]] Chaplain [[Winfield Scott (chaplain)|Winfield Scott]] visited the Salt River Valley and was impressed with it and its potential for agriculture.<ref name=ScotHist>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/about/history|title=The West's Most Western Town|publisher=Scottsdaleaz.gov}}</ref> Returning in 1888 with his wife, Helen, he purchased {{cvt|640|acre}} where historic Old Town is now, for $3.50 an acre (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|3.5|1888|2015|r=0}}}} as of 2015) {{Inflation-fn|US}}.  Another landowner in the Southern part of town, Albert G. Utley, filed plans with Maricopa County for a city named "Orangedale," using Scott's Field as a border.  When the newspaper, then called the ''Arizona Republican'', published an article about the plan, they erroneously called the town "Scottsdale."  The article drew some publicity for the town, and ultimately this convinced Utley to change his filing and officially name the town "Scottsdale."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Messinger |first=Paul |title=Scottsdale got its name through newspaper error |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/scottsdale/2014/08/01/scottsdale-got-name-newspaper-error/13462809/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref>

[[File:First Schoolhouse 1896.jpg|thumb|First schoolhouse in Scottsdale]]
In 1896, the Scottsdale Public School system was established,<ref name=ScotHist /> and opened the first schoolhouse, which was followed by the opening of the first general store by J.&nbsp;L. Davis, which also housed the first post office for Scottsdale in 1897.<ref name="Exp">{{cite web |title=History of Scottsdale |url=http://www.experiencescottsdale.com/history-of-scottsdale/ |publisher=Scottsdale Convention & Visitor's Bureau}}</ref><ref name="Insider">{{cite web |title=About Scottsdale |url=http://www.insider-scottsdale.com/Scottsdale_History.htm |publisher=InSider Scottsdale}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scottsdale's History in Pictures |url=http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/splimage/id/25/rec/26 |url-status=dead |publisher=Scottsdale Public Library |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031624/http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/splimage/id/25/rec/26 }}</ref> In the early 1900s the community supported an artists and writers culture,<ref name=ScotHist /> culminating in the opening of the region's first resort in 1909, the Ingleside Inn, just south of the Arizona Canal and west of the Crosscut Canal (Indian School Road at about 64th Street) in what is today Scottsdale.<ref>{{Cite book| title = Phoenix City Directory| publisher = Arizona Directory Company| page = 3| year = 1912}}<br>- {{cite web|url=http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/splimage/id/41|title=Scottsdale's History in Images|publisher=Scottsdale Public Library}}</ref> Also in 1909, Cavalliere's Blacksmith Shop opened in downtown Scottsdale, and the original schoolhouse was replaced by the much more expansive Little Red Schoolhouse, which stands to this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/splimage/id/19/rec/20|title=Scottsdale's History in Images|publisher=Scottsdale Public Library}}</ref> While not in its original building, Cavalliere's has been in continuous operation since that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/Assets/Public+Website/historiczoning/SHRrptCavalliersI.pdf |title=Scottsdale Historic Register |publisher=Scottsdale |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702151333/http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/Assets/Public+Website/historiczoning/SHRrptCavalliersI.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1912, both the [[Phoenix Street Railway]] Company and a competitor, the Salt River Valley Electric Railway Company, proposed building [[streetcar]] lines to Scottsdale,<ref>{{Cite web| title = Electric Railway Journal articles archived by the Phoenix Trolley Museum| url = http://phoenixtrolley.com/2010/06/09/the-salt-river-valley-electric-railway/| access-date = July 11, 2011}}</ref> but due to an economic downturn, neither was built. Between 1908 and 1933, due to the construction of the Granite Reef and Roosevelt dams (in 1908 and 1911, respectively), Scottsdale's population experienced a boom, growing steadily during those years. It became a small market town providing services for families involved in the agricultural industry.<ref name=ScotHist />

During the [[First World War]], Scottsdale and its environs supported a large cotton farming industry, due to the creation of Long Staple Egyptian Cotton, developed by the [[US Department of Agriculture]]. Cotton is still grown in southern Arizona, but Scottsdale's cotton boom ended with the loss of government contracts at the end of the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jandatri.com/pdfs/history-of-cotton-in-arizona.pdf | publisher=Jandatri.com | title=History of Cotton in Arizona: A Timeline | access-date=January 27, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127114811/http://www.jandatri.com/pdfs/history-of-cotton-in-arizona.pdf | archive-date=January 27, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Jokake Inn 1926.jpg|thumb|right|Jokake Inn, Scottsdale]]

In 1920, a second resort was opened on {{cvt|12|acre}} of property owned by the artist [[Jessie Benton Evans]]. Called the Jokake Inn, meaning "mud house", the structure still stands on the grounds of the Phoenician Resort.<ref name=ScotHist /><ref name=Exp /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thephoenician.com/history/|title=Jokake Inn History|publisher=The Phoenician Inn}}</ref>

[[Great Depression in the United States|The Depression]] years saw an influx of artists and architects to Scottsdale, which included, in 1937, [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. Wright and his wife purchased {{cvt|600|acre}} acres of desert at the foot of the [[McDowell Mountains]] and established [[Taliesin West]], his winter home and his architectural firm's southwestern headquarters.<ref name=ScotHist /><ref name=Exp /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taliesin.edu/history.html|title=Taliesin Historical Legacy|publisher=Taliesin}}</ref> Scottsdale and the rest of Phoenix have seen an everlasting influence from Wright. Many buildings throughout the region were designed by him. His influence on the regional architecture is commemorated by a major street bearing his name and a {{convert|125|ft|m|adj=on}} spire memorial designed by Wright in North Scottsdale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://livebetterinscottsdale.com/2012/02/things-to-see-in-scottsdale-az-the-frank-lloyd-wright-spire/|title=The Frank Lloyd Wright Spire|publisher=Live Better in Scottsdale|date=February 14, 2012}}</ref>

===World War II===
Among the more significant events during the years of World War II was the opening of Thunderbird II Airfield in 1942 (it later became Scottsdale Airport),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/airport/history|title=Scottsdale Airport History|publisher=Scottsdaleaz.gov}}</ref> where 5,500 pilot cadets received their primary flight training before the war's end. Scottsdale was the site of a German POW camp at the intersection of Scottsdale and Thomas Roads in what today is Papago Park.<ref name=ScotHist /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brazilbrazil.com/powcamp.html|title=Papago Park POW Camp|accessdate=March 21, 2023}}</ref>

===Development of Indian Bend Wash, 1950s–1970s===
In 1950, the town continued to grow as [[Motorola]] became the first of many technology companies to build a plant in Scottsdale. It built a second plant in 1956.<ref name=ScotHist /> With a population of approximately 2,000, the city was incorporated on June 25, 1951. It appointed its [[List of mayors of Scottsdale|first mayor]], Malcolm White, and adopted the motto "The West's Most Western Town".<ref name=ScotHist /> The seal, depicting a mounted cowboy surrounded by a 64-pointed starburst, was designed by Mrs. Gene Brown Pennington.<ref>{{Cite book| first = Patricia Seitters | last = Myers| title = Scottsdale: Jewel in the Desert}}{{full citation needed|date=April 2025}}</ref> The city also became a tourist destination with the opening of the city's first modern resorts, the [[Hotel Valley Ho]] and the [[Safari Hotel]], in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/126125382/ |title=Swinging Safari, Valley Ho were happening in the 1950s |first=Dan|last=Nowicki|date=July 26, 2004 |website=Arizona Republic}}</ref>

The town began a period of rapid population growth after its incorporation in 1951, growing from 2,000 to 10,000 residents during the 1950s.<ref name=ScotHist /> This growth necessitated development into the floodplain known as the [[Indian Bend Wash]]. Floodplains throughout history have been enticing locations for development due to their flatness, ease of building and inexpensiveness. This is even more tempting in a desert, where flooding so rarely happens. As Scottsdale expanded, the north-south Indian Bend Wash virtually bisected the city. In the late 1950s, the problem became more and more pronounced, until in 1959 the Arizona State Legislature formed the Maricopa County Flood Control District (MCFCD). The MCFCD became the lead player in developing a comprehensive flood plan for the entire county.<ref name=IBW>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/Assets/Public+Website/parks/IndianBendWashBook.pdf |title=Indian Bend Wash Book |publisher=Scottsdale |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702141821/http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/Assets/Public+Website/parks/IndianBendWashBook.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the same time, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] began to look into flooding in Maricopa County. Over the next several years, it presented several plans, which all revolved around constructing concrete canals and levees to channel and divert the floodwaters, as well as building bridges over the canal, similar to the storm drains of Los Angeles. But during MCFCD meetings between 1961 and 1963, a different course of action was developed. This plan became known as the multi-use, or Greenbelt, concept. The two concepts were at odds with one another until the canal plan was defeated in a bond referendum in 1965. In 1966, a study was commissioned that validated the Greenbelt concept as a way to prevent flood damage. After a major flood in 1972, work on the Greenbelt project began in earnest. It was completed in 1984, although minor projects continue.<ref name=IBW /> Today, the {{convert|12|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} Scottsdale Greenbelt<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scottsdaletrails.com/2011/11/14/from-ditch-to-diamonds/ | title=From Ditch to Diamonds |website= Scottsdale Trails | date=November 14, 2011 }}</ref> connects four city parks—Vista del Camino Park, Eldorado Park, Indian School Park and Chaparral Park—through a {{convert|25|mi|adj=on}} bike path.

===Further expansion and development, 1970s–1980s===
[[File:Scottsdale-Scottsdale Spire-1957-2007.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Scottsdale Spire]]
The city continued to grow in the 1960s and 1970s, the population reaching almost 68,000 by 1970.<ref name=Museum>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottsdalemuseum.com/index.php/history/key-events-in-the-history-of-scottsdale |title=Key Events in the History of Scottsdale |publisher=Scottsdale Museum}}</ref> Most of the unused property within the city limits was to the north, so that was the direction in which the city expanded. The city, which in 1959 had spanned {{cvt|5|sqmi}}, expanded its borders to encompass {{cvt|62|sqmi}}.<ref name=ScotHist /> Large ranch tracts covered huge areas in the northern part of the city. One of the largest of these was the McCormick ranch, a {{cvt|4236|acre|adj=on}} ranch serving much of the eastern boundary of Scottsdale owned by Fowler and Anne McCormick. Fowler's paternal grandfather was [[Cyrus McCormick]], the inventor of the grain reaper, and his maternal grandfather was [[John D. Rockefeller]].<ref name=AZOdd>{{cite web|url=http://arizonaoddities.com/2009/12/the-stories-behind-scottsdales-mccormick-ranch-gainey-ranch/|title=The Story Behind Scottsdale's McCormick Ranch|date=December 22, 2009|publisher=Arizona Oddities}}</ref> When Anne died in 1970, the property was sold to Kaiser-Aetna for $12.1&nbsp;million.<ref name=RR>{{cite web|url=http://www.therailroadpark.com/history-ranch|title=History of McCormick Ranch|publisher=McCormick-Stillman Railroad Park}}</ref> This started a series of large-scale, master-planned communities within Scottsdale's borders, including Scottsdale Ranch (1978),<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scottsdaleranch.org/history-summary| title=Scottsdale Ranch History| access-date=January 5, 2014| archive-date=January 6, 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032820/http://www.scottsdaleranch.org/history-summary| url-status=dead}}</ref> Gainey Ranch (1980),<ref name=AZOdd /> McDowell Mountain Ranch (1992),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://scottsdaleindeed.com/MMR_History.html|title=McDowell Mountain Ranch History}}</ref> Desert Mountain (1986),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://desertmountain.com/become-a-member/history/|title=Desert Mountain History}}</ref> and DC Ranch (1990s).<ref name=DCR>{{cite web | url=http://www.dcranch.com/For_Residents/Community_Overview/DCRanchHistory.htm|title=History |publisher=DC Ranch }}</ref>

In 1975, the city annexed the "east Shea" section, bordering [[Fountain Hills]], expanding its area from {{cvt|62.2 to 88.6|sqmi}}. This was followed by a four-year period from 1981 to 1984 during which the city annexed an additional (almost) {{cvt|80|sqmi}}.<ref name=Museum />

Faced with this rapid expansion and growth, many residents became concerned about losing their southwestern scenery. The McDowell Sonoran Conservancy was born in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcdowellsonoran.org/content/pages/history#sthash.o3BD6SOK.dpbs|title=What Trail Led Us Here|publisher=McDowell Sonoran Conservancy|access-date=January 5, 2014|archive-date=January 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032135/http://www.mcdowellsonoran.org/content/pages/history#sthash.o3BD6SOK.dpbs|url-status=dead}}</ref> Teaming with developers, a plan was developed to set aside the McDowell Mountains and adjoining areas in a huge preserve. In 1995, Scottsdale's citizens voted to implement a sales tax to purchase acreage for this purpose. When completed, the {{cvt|36,000|acre}} planned for the McDowell Sonoran Preserve will be nearly one-third of Scottsdale's land area, equal in size to [[Bryce Canyon National Park]].<ref name=ScotHist /><ref name=DCR />

===Modern===
From its official incorporation in 1951 with a population of 2,000, Scottsdale has grown to a 2020 census count of 241,361. It is now the state's seventh-largest city. Scottsdale is commonly defined by its high quality of life, and in 1993 was one of several cities to receive a "Most Livable City" award from the [[United States Conference of Mayors]].<ref>"[http://www.scottsdalecvb.com/about/index.cfm?action=history Scottsdale History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427053122/http://www.scottsdalecvb.com/about/index.cfm?action=history |date=April 27, 2006 }}." ''[http://www.scottsdalecvb.com/ Scottsdale Convention & Visitors Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830103546/http://www.scottsdalecvb.com/ |date=August 30, 2012 }}.'' Retrieved on June 1, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://usmayors.org/citylivabilityawards/ |title=The U.S. Conference of Mayors : City Livability Awards |access-date=January 6, 2017 |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108232809/http://usmayors.org/citylivabilityawards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Scottsdale Airpark, surrounding the city's airport, became a hotspot for a variety of large and small businesses, ranging from light industry to luxury auto sales. The Airpark in the 2000s emerged as one of the top employment centers in the Phoenix metro area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scottsdale History |url=https://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/about/history/ |last1=Arizona |first1=Scottsdale |website=scottsdaleaz |access-date=May 10, 2020 |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602164957/https://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/about/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> The airport supported 3,462 jobs, which boosted the Scottsdale economy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scottsdale Airport History|url=https://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/airport/history/|publisher=Scottsdale|access-date=May 10, 2020|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020075952/https://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/airport/history|url-status=dead}}</ref>