Editing Score voting (section)

== Usage ==

=== Political use ===

==== Historical ====
A crude form of score voting was used in some elections in ancient [[Sparta]], by measuring how loudly the crowd shouted for different candidates.<ref>James S. Fishkin: The Voice of the People: Public Opinion & Democracy, Yale University Press 1995</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1= Girard |first1=C. |chapter= Going from Theory to Practice: The Mixed Success of Approval Voting | title=Handbook on Approval Voting |pages=15–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookonapprov00lasl | url-access=limited | date=2010 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | isbn=9783642028380 | editor-last=Laslier|editor-first=Jean-François| editor-last2=Sanver | editor-first2=M. Remzi | series=Studies in Choice and Welfare|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02839-7_3}}</ref><ref name="spartashout">{{cite news |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E7DB163FF931A35755C0A9679C8B63&sec=technology&spon=&pagewanted=2 |title = Adding Up the Costs of Cyberdemocracy |access-date = 2009-10-03 |newspaper = New York Times |first = Alexander |last = Stille |date = 2001-06-02 }}</ref> This has a modern-day analog of using [[Clap-o-meter|clapometers]] in some television shows and the judging processes of some athletic competitions.

Beginning in the 13th century, the [[Republic of Venice]] elected the [[Doge of Venice]] using a multi-stage process with multiple rounds of score voting. This may have contributed to the Republic's longevity, being partly responsible for its status as the longest-lived [[democracy]] in world history.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lines |first=Marji |year=1986 |title=Approval Voting and Strategy Analysis: A Venetian Example |journal=Theory and Decision |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=155–172 |doi=10.1007/BF00135090 |s2cid=121512308}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Mowbray |first1=Miranda |last2=Gollmann |first2=Dieter |date=July 2007 |title=Electing the Doge of Venice: analysis of a 13th Century protocol |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2007/HPL-2007-28R1.pdf |conference=IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium |location=Venice, Italy |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2007/HPL-2007-28R1.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Score voting was used in [[Greece|Greek]] legislative elections beginning in 1864, during which time it had a [[Multi-party system|many-party system]]; it was replaced with [[party-list proportional representation]] in 1923.<ref name="mavrogordatos">{{Cite book |last=Mavrogordatos |first=George Th. |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MbSifRqxM1EC |title=Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece 1922{{endash}}1936 |date=1983 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=351–352 |language=en}}</ref>

According to Steven J. Brams, approval was used for some elections in 19th century England.<ref>{{cite speech |url=http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/brams/normative_turn.pdf |title=The Normative Turn in Public Choice |page=4 |date=April 1, 2006 |access-date=May 8, 2010 |first=Steven J. |last=Brams |event=Presidential Address to Public Choice Society |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531093534/http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/brams/normative_turn.pdf |archive-date=May 31, 2010}}</ref>

==== Current ====
Score voting is used to elect candidates who represent parties in [[Latvia]]'s [[Saeima]] (parliament) in an [[open list]] system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=14. SAEIMAS VĒLĒŠANAS |url=https://sv2022.cvk.lv/pub/en/elected-deputies#deputati |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=sv2022.cvk.lv}}</ref>

The [[United Nations Secretary-General selection|selection process]] for the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] uses a variant on a three-point scale ("Encourage", "Discourage", and "No Opinion"), with [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]] holding a veto over any candidate.<ref>{{cite web |title=The "Wisnumurti Guidelines" for Selecting a Candidate for Secretary-General |url=http://www.unsgselection.org/files/WisnumurtiGuidelinesSelectingCandidateSecretary-General.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227114317/http://www.unsgselection.org/files/WisnumurtiGuidelinesSelectingCandidateSecretary-General.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2008 |access-date=November 30, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |date=October 21, 2016 |title=The inside Story of How I Lost the Race for the UN Secretary-General's Job in 2006 |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cover-story/the-inside-story-of-how-i-lost-the-race-for-the-un-secretary-generals-job-in-2006-shashi-tharoor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721215655/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cover-story/the-inside-story-of-how-i-lost-the-race-for-the-un-secretary-generals-job-in-2006-shashi-tharoor |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=March 6, 2019 |website=OPEN Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

Proportional score voting was used in [[Swedish elections]] in the early 20th century, prior to being replaced by [[party-list proportional representation]]. It is still used for local elections.
{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+ On a score ballot, the voter scores all the candidates.
! style="background-color:#e6e6ff" | Governor<br />Candidates
! style="background-color:#e6e6ff" |
! style="background-color:#e6e6ff" | Score each candidate by filling in<br />a number (0 is worst; 9 is best)
|-
|1: Candidate A || → ||	style="font-size:17pt; font-family:Calibri" | <span style="color:#dc2300">⓿</span>①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨
|-
|2: Candidate B	|| → ||	style="font-size:17pt; font-family:Calibri" | ⓪①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧<span style="color:#dc2300">❾</span>
|-
|3: Candidate C	|| → || style="font-size:17pt; font-family:Calibri" | ⓪①②③④⑤⑥<span style="color:#dc2300">❼</span>⑧⑨
|}

In 2018, [[Fargo, North Dakota]], passed a local ballot initiative adopting [[approval voting]] for the city's local elections, becoming the first US city to adopt the method.<ref name="Fargo approves">[https://ivn.us/2018/11/06/one-americas-famous-towns-becomes-first-nation-adopt-approval-voting/ One of America's Most Famous Towns Becomes First in the Nation to Adopt Approval Voting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107185459/https://ivn.us/2018/11/06/one-americas-famous-towns-becomes-first-nation-adopt-approval-voting/|date=November 7, 2018}}, accessed November 7, 2018</ref><ref name="Fargo votes">{{cite web |last=Moen |first=Mike |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Fargo Becomes First U.S. City to Try Approval Voting |url=https://www.publicnewsservice.org/2020-06-10/civic-engagement/fargo-becomes-first-u-s-city-to-try-approval-voting/a70495-1 |access-date=December 3, 2020 |work=Public News Service}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Piper |first=Kelsey |date=November 15, 2018 |title=This city just approved a new election system never tried before in America |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/11/15/18092206/midterm-elections-vote-fargo-approval-voting-ranked-choice |access-date=July 8, 2020 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>

Score voting is used by the [[List of state Green Parties in the United States#Utah|Green Party of Utah]] to elect officers, on a 0–9 scale.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-27 |title=Utah Green Party Hosts Dr. Stein; Elects New Officers |url=http://independentpoliticalreport.com/2017/06/utah-green-party-hosts-dr-stein-elects-new-officers/ |access-date=2017-09-14 |work=Independent Political Report |language=en-US |quote=Using the following Range Voting System, the Green Party of Utah elected a new slate of officers}}</ref>

The [[Pirate Party Germany]] uses variants of score voting such as Reweighted Range Voting (RRV) in some of its internal elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPT 2014.1 – Wahlverfahren |url=https://wiki.piratenpartei.de/Bundesparteitag_2014.1/WahlordnungAV |access-date=2024-02-23 |quote=§2.1 - Bewertungswahl (range voting) … §2.2 - Proportionale Bewertungswahl (reweighted range voting) … §2.3 - Bewertungswahl mit Quorum … §2.4 - Mehrheits-Benotung |trans-quote=§2.3 Score Voting with Quorum … §2.4 Majority Score Voting.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundesparteitag 2014.1 – Protokoll |url=https://wiki.piratenpartei.de/Bundesparteitag_2014.1/Protokoll |access-date=2024-02-23 |quote=Das Wahlverfahren nach Wahlordnung Par. 2.1 wird beschlossen. |trans-quote=The voting method according to election rules §2.1 (Score Voting) was adopted.}}</ref> The system has been used in the [[Bavaria|Bavarian]] branch for selecting candidates for the [[State list (Germany)|Bundestag list]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protokoll zur Aufstellungsversammlung Landeliste Bayern zur BTW 2025 |url=https://wiki.piratenpartei.de/Datei:2024-09-08_Protokoll_AV_BY_Bundestagswahl_2025.pdf |access-date=2024-02-23 |quote=Bewertungswahl für Plätze 4-X. Bewertungszahlen von 0-10. Reihenfolge wird durch den Schnitt festgelegt. Das Quorum sind 5 im Schnitt. Wer unter 5 im Schnitt fällt wird nicht in die Liste aufgenommen. |trans-quote=Score voting for places 4-X. Scores from 0-10. The ranking is determined by the average score. The quorum is 5 on average. Candidates scoring below 5 on average are not included in the list.}}</ref> and in the [[North Rhine-Westphalia|NRW]] branch for general decision-making and internal elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satzung der Piratenpartei NRW |url=https://www.piratenpartei-nrw.de/landesverband/satzung/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |quote=Gibt es mehr als eine Option bei einer Abstimmung, so wird eine verbundene Einzelwahl zusammen mit einer Bewertungswahl durchgeführt. Bei der Bewertungswahl kann jeder Option unabhängig Null bis K Punkte (Ganzzahlen) vergeben werden. |trans-quote=If there is more than one option in a vote, a combined individual vote together with a score voting system is used. In score voting, each option can independently be assigned between zero and K points (integers).}}</ref>

=== Non-political use ===

Members of [[Arbitration Committee of the English Wikipedia|Wikipedia's Arbitration Committee]] are elected based on a three-point scale ("Support", "Neutral", "Oppose").<ref>{{Diff|en:Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2017|diff=|oldid=832933245|label=}}{{Circular reference|date=January 2025}}</ref>

Non-governmental uses of score voting are common, such as in [[Likert scale]]s for [[customer satisfaction]] surveys and mechanism involving users rating a product or service in terms of "stars" (such as rating movies on [[IMDb]], products at [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], apps in the iOS or [[Google Play]] stores, etc.). Judged sports such as [[gymnastics]] generally rate competitors on a numeric scale.

A multi-winner proportional variant called [[Thiele's voting rules|Thiele's method]] or reweighted range voting is used to select five nominees for the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]] rated on a 0–10 scale.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/89aa_rules.pdf#page=32 |title = 89TH ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS OF MERIT |date = 2016 |at = RULE TWENTY-TWO SPECIAL RULES FOR THE VISUAL EFFECTS AWARD |quote = Five productions shall be selected using reweighted range voting to become the nominations for final voting for the Visual Effects award. }}</ref>