Editing Schiermonnikoog (section)

==History==
[[File:Schiermonnikoog-natuur-OpenTopo.jpg|thumb|left|Dutch [[topographic]] map of Schiermonnikoog, September 2014]]
[[File:Bevolking Schiermonnikoog.png|thumb|left|Historical population, 1800–2018]]
As a result of the tidal current, the prevailing winds, and North Sea storms, the island is slowly moving to the south and the east. In the year 1250, it lay roughly 2&nbsp;km to the north of its present position, and it then had a significantly different shape.<ref>Van de Ven, G. (editor) (1996). ''Leefbaar laagland'', p. 90. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Matrijs. {{ISBN|90-5345-031-9}}.</ref>

The earliest mention of Schiermonnikoog in writing dates from October 1440, in a document written for [[Philip the Good]]. The island's first known owners were the [[monk]]s of [[Klaarkamp Abbey]], a [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] [[monastery]] near [[Dantumadeel|Rinsumageest]], on the mainland.<ref>Stenvert, R. ''et al.'' (2000). ''Monumenten in Nederland: Friesland'', p. 265&ndash;267. Zwolle: Waanders Uitgevers. {{ISBN|90-400-9476-4}}.</ref> "Monnik" means "monk", "schier" is an archaic word meaning "[[grey]]", referring to the colour of the monks' habits, and "oog" translates as "island". The name ''Schiermonnikoog'' can therefore be translated as ''Grey Monk Island''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ety.nl/etywrdfam.html |title=Woordfamilies |website=www.ety.nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021106010434/http://www.ety.nl/etywrdfam.html |archive-date=2002-11-06}} </ref><ref>van Dale, ''Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse Taal'' (12th edition)</ref>

During the Reformation, the monasteries in the northern Netherlands were dissolved. In 1580, Schiermonnikoog became the property of the [[Frisia|States of Friesland]]. Around 1640, the States sold the island to the wealthy Stachouwer family, and for the next three centuries, Schiermonnikoog remained private property.

Around 1700, the population of Schiermonnikoog was divided among four villages or settlements. The largest of these was Westerburen, which had developed around the medieval buildings of the grey monks. In 1717 and 1720, [[storm]]s flooded Westerburen, which had to be abandoned around 1725, because of drifting sand and the advancing sea. In 1756 a new town, named Oosterburen, was built to the east. Nowadays this second village is named Schiermonnikoog, after the island. Also in the 18th century the people of the island rebelled against Lady Catharina Maria Stachouwer, and the States of Friesland sent troops to protect her and to restore law and order.

In August 1799, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], a small squadron of Britain's [[Royal Navy]] under the command of Captain [[Adam Mackenzie]] of [[HMS Pylades (1794)|HMS ''Pylades'']] attacked and captured the former Royal Navy gun-brig [[HMS Crash (1797)|''Crash'']], moored between Schiermonnikoog and [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]]. The boats of Mackenzie's squadron then attacked the six-gun Dutch schooner ''Vengeance'' and a battery on Schiermonnikoog. The British were able to burn the schooner and spike the guns of the battery.<ref group=Note>This exploit would earn those Royal Navy seamen who survived until 1847 the [[Naval General Service Medal (1847)|Naval General Service Medal]] with clasp "SCHIERMONNIKOOG 12 AUGT. 1799".</ref>

In 1859, the Stachouwer family sold the island to {{Interlanguage link multi|John Eric Banck|nl}} from [[The Hague]]. Among other works Banck started planting the sand dunes with [[Ammophila (Poaceae)|marram]] grass to stabilize them. There is now a monument to him on the top of the dike that he built.

In 1892 Banck sold the island to a [[German Empire|German]] count, [[Berthold von Bernstorff]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=Berthold+von+Bernstorff&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010884847:mpeg21:a0018&resultsidentifier=ddd:010884847:mpeg21:a0018&rowid=6 |title=Schiermonnikoog |website=Nieuwsblad van het Noorden |date=13 April 1946 |language=nl |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308120244/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=Berthold+von+Bernstorff&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010884847:mpeg21:a0018&resultsidentifier=ddd:010884847:mpeg21:a0018&rowid=6 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1940, {{ill|Bechtold Eugen von Bernstorff|nl}}, his grandson, inherited Schiermonnikoog<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=Bechtold+Eugen+von+Bernstorff+schiermonnikoog&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010566508:mpeg21:a0260&resultsidentifier=ddd:010566508:mpeg21:a0260&rowid=1 |title=Laatste eigenaar Schier Graf von Bernstorff (85) in Duitsland overleden |website=Leeuwarder courant |date=24 November 1987 |language=nl |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308221615/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=Bechtold+Eugen+von+Bernstorff+schiermonnikoog&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:010566508:mpeg21:a0260&resultsidentifier=ddd:010566508:mpeg21:a0260&rowid=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> That same year, during the [[World War II|Second World War]], [[KLM]] briefly provided passenger and postal services to Schiermonnikoog and nearby [[Ameland]], landing its [[Douglas DC-3]]s on the beach. In May the Germans invaded the Netherlands, and the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' occupied the island, but Bernstorff ensured that the islanders were largely left in peace.

During the War, the German Army heavily fortified the island as part of the [[Atlantic Wall]] defence line, and the number of German troops came to equal the island's native population of 600. Towards the end of the war, hundreds of [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] troops, along with members of the [[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]], fled to the island, reinforcing the German contingent already there.

[[File:De Schiere Monnik Martin van Waning.jpg|thumb|upright|''De Schiere Monnik'' by {{ill|Martin van Waning|nl}}]]
After the German surrender, the Germans on the island failed to accept the surrender, but the Canadian forces responsible for the sector that included the island did not attack them to force their surrender. After several weeks of negotiations the German commander did agree to respect the surrender and the German soldiers were evacuated to [[Wilhelmshaven]] in Germany. On 11 June 1945 the island became the last part of the Netherlands to be liberated from Axis occupation by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].

After the War, the Dutch government confiscated Schiermonnikoog from Bernstorff on the grounds that he was German and owned the island during the war, making it 'enemy property'. In 1949 the island became an independent municipality and part of the Province of Friesland. Bernstorff died in 1987 and is buried on Schiermonnikoog in the graveyard of its Reformed Church.

In 2006 the eastern border of the island was moved eastward, into the former territory of the municipality of [[Eemsmond]] in the province of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], so that the municipal government of Schiermonnikoog would have the ability to respond from its own territory in the event of a calamity or disaster.