Editing Scheveningen (section)

== History ==
{{Moresources|section|date=November 2022}}
[[Image:Im Februar 1598 an der holländischen Küste gestrandeter Walfisch.jpg|thumb|The engraving by [[Gilliam van der Gouwen]] shows a 20-m-long (70 ft) whale, stranded on the Dutch coast between Scheveningen and [[Katwijk]] on February 3, 1598.]]
[[Image:Het Strand van Scheveningen, Adriaen van de Velde (1658).jpg|thumb|''The beach at Scheveningen'' by [[Adriaen van de Velde]], painted 1658]]
[[File:Netherlands-Scheveningen-beach-1900.jpg|thumb|A [[photochrom]] of the beach {{Circa|1900}}]]

The earliest reference to the name ''Sceveninghe'' goes back to around 1280. The first inhabitants may have been [[Anglo-Saxons]]. Other [[historian]]s favour a [[Norsemen|Scandinavian]] origin. [[Fishing]] was the main source of [[food]] and [[income]].

The [[Battle of Scheveningen]] was fought between English and Dutch fleets off the coast of the village on 10 August 1653. Thousands of people gathered on the shore to watch. In 1660 [[Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich|Montagu's]] flagship picked up the English king at Scheveningen in order to accomplish the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]].<ref>''Dictionary of national biography''. [Edited by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, etc.]. London: Oxford University Press. XIII., pp. 680–681.</ref>

A road to neighbouring The Hague was constructed in 1663 (current name: {{lang|nl|Scheveningseweg}}).

In 1470, a heavy storm destroyed the church and half the houses. The village was again hit by storms in 1570, 1775, 1825, 1860, 1881, and 1894. After this last storm, the villagers decided to build a harbour. Until then, the fishing boats had had a flat bottom ({{lang|nl|bomschuiten}}), and were pulled up the beach. By around 1870, over 150 of these boats were in use. Once the harbour had been constructed in 1904, more modern ships replaced the {{lang|nl|bomschuiten}}.

In 1818, Jacob Pronk constructed a wooden building on a dune near the sea, from where people could bathe from four separate rooms. It marked the start of Scheveningen as a bathing resort. Since then, Scheveningen has attracted numerous tourists from all over Europe, notably from [[Germany]].
[[Image:Koerhuis.jpg|thumb|The [[Kurhaus (Scheveningen)|Kurhaus]]]]
The hotel [[Kurhaus (Scheveningen)|Kurhaus]] was opened in 1886. The village attracted a number of Dutch artists over the centuries, who painted the {{lang|nl|bomschuiten}} drawn up on the beach, or fishermen at work in the [[North Sea]]. Notable painters who recorded the village include [[Adriaen van de Velde]], [[Simon de Vlieger]], and [[Hendrik Willem Mesdag]], whose large [[Panorama Mesdag|panorama]], 14&nbsp;m high and 120&nbsp;m wide, preserved the view of Scheveningen in 1881.

The [[International Skating Union]] was founded in Scheveningen in 1892.

Anecdotal evidence exists of the name ''Scheveningen'' being used as a [[shibboleth]] during [[World War II]] to identify German spies: they would pronounce the initial ''Sch'' as one consonant (the [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]], pronounced approximately like {{IPA|ʃ}}, {{angle bracket|sh}}), rather than the native Dutch sequence of the [[voiceless alveolar sibilant]] followed by the [[voiceless uvular fricative]]: {{IPA|sχ}}, {{angle bracket|Skh}}, as in ''Genghis Khan''.<ref name="mcnamara">{{cite journal |last=McNamara |first=Tim |title=21st century shibboleth: language tests, identity and intergroup conflict |journal=Language Policy |volume=2005 |issue=4 |pages=351–370 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |year=2005 |doi=10.1007/s10993-005-2886-0 |s2cid=145528271 }}</ref>

Scheveningen was never an independent municipality, but it has its own coat of arms, officially recognised by The Hague local council (proposal 136 of 23 March 1984); even in the Middle Ages, it was part of the same administrative region as The Hague.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=igY5AAAAMAAJ&dq=scheveningen+baljuw&pg=PA603 Vaderlandsch woordenboek, 1787]</ref>

Nevertheless, Scheveningen always had a strong identity of its own. For instance, it had its own football club, playing in the highest Dutch division (its name was "Scheveningen Holland Sport"). In the course of the second half of the 20th century, this club was forced to merge with [[ADO Den Haag]].
[[File:Veronicagestrand.jpg|thumb|[[Radio Veronica|Veronica]] ship [[MV Norderney|MV ''Norderney'']], Scheveningen (7 April 1973)]]

From 21 April 1960,<ref>[http://www.focuscollection.com/listings/l0607.html Jan Akkerman interviewed in Dutch magazine Veronica, 1973]</ref> the pirate radio station [[Radio Veronica]]<ref>[http://www.mediapages.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=833:geschiedenis-veronica-1973&catid=49:veronica-archief&Itemid=18 Juul Geleick - Geschiedenis Veronica 1973]</ref> broadcast its programmes from an anchorage in the [[North Sea]] about four miles off the Scheveningen coast, originally calling itself Vrije Radio Omroep Nederland (VRON), Free Radio Station [of the] Netherlands. It was joined by [[Radio North Sea International|Radio Noordzee Internationaal]] <!-- (RNI) --> in 1970<ref>[http://www.mediapages.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=144:de-vermeende-spionage-van-rni&catid=50:noordzee-archief&Itemid=29 Hans Knot - De vermeende spionage van RNI]</ref> and the relaunched [[Radio Caroline]] in late 1972. When the Netherlands ratified the Treaty of Strasbourg on 1 September 1974,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OwkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA54 ''Billboard'' (5 May 1973)]</ref> Veronica applied for legal status and became the VOO, Caroline moved anchorage to the English coast, and RNI closed down. Memorable episodes during this period included the stranding of Radio Veronica's ship, the ''Norderney'', which lost its anchor in a storm and ran aground on Scheveningen beach on 2 April 1973, and a firebomb attack on RNI's ship, the ''[[Mebo II]]'', on 15 May 1971.

Since the 1970s the population of the original Scheveningen changed as the fishing industry declined and some artists and professionals moved in. Most of the fishermen, captains and trawler owners houses were demolished. Some still remain and have been protected by the authorities, including some of the original 'hofjes', in an enclosed area with small row houses on each side.

[[Slobodan Milošević]], the 3rd [[president of Serbia and Montenegro]] was found dead [[Trial of Slobodan Milošević|in his prison cell]] on 11 March 2006 while he was being held in the [[United Nations Detention Unit|UN war crimes tribunal's detention center]] in Scheveningen.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4796470.stm |title=Milosevic found dead in his cell |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=11 March 2006 |access-date=21 February 2017 }}</ref>