Editing Satellite radio (section)

==History and overview==
The first satellite radio broadcasts occurred in Africa and the Middle East in 1999. The first US broadcasts were in 2001 followed by Japan in 2004 and Canada in 2005.

There have been three (not counting [[MobaHo!]] of Japan) major satellite radio companies: [[WorldSpace]], [[Sirius Satellite Radio]] and [[XM Satellite Radio]], all founded in the 1990s in the United States. WorldSpace operated in the Africa and Asia region, whereas Sirius and XM competed in the North American (USA and Canada) market. Of the three companies, WorldSpace went bankrupt in 2009 and Sirius and XM merged in 2008 to form [[Sirius XM]]. The merger was done to avoid bankruptcy. The new company had financial problems and was within days of bankruptcy in 2009, but was able to find investors. The company did not go bankrupt and Sirius XM Satellite radio continues ({{as of|2024|lc=on}}) to operate.

===Africa and Eurasia===
WorldSpace was founded by Ethiopia-born lawyer Noah Samara in [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1990,<ref>{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Benady |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/clockwork-meets-satellite-in-a-revolution-for-third-world-radio-1162230.html |title=Clockwork meets satellite in a revolution for Third World radio |work=[[The Independent]] |date=June 1, 1998}}</ref> with the goal of making satellite radio programming available to the developing world.<ref name="dhilzenrath">{{cite news |first=David S. |last=Hilzenrath |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/18/AR2010031801762.html |title=WorldSpace announces potential decommissioning of satellites |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 18, 2010}}</ref> On June 22, 1991, the FCC gave WorldSpace permission to launch a satellite to provide digital programming to [[Africa]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="eandrews"/> WorldSpace first began broadcasting satellite radio on October 1, 1999, in Africa.<ref>{{cite news |first=Denise |last=Caruso |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/11/business/technology-digital-commerce-can-technology-investors-move-into-areas-like-africa.html |title=Digital Commerce |work=New York Times |date=October 11, 1999}}</ref> [[India]] would ultimately account for over 90% of WorldSpace's subscriber base.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dilip |last=Maitra |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/43092/worldspace-india-shut-shop-december.html |title=WorldSpace India to shut shop on December 31 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=December 24, 2009}}</ref> In 2008, WorldSpace announced plans to enter [[Europe]], but those plans were set aside when the company filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy in November 2008.<ref>{{cite news |first=Eric |last=Pfanner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-radio.1.19245263.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=As AM signal fades, Europe moves hesitantly to digital radio |work=New York Times |date=January 11, 2009}}</ref> In March 2010, the company announced it would be de-commissioning its two satellites (one served [[Asia]], the other served Africa). [[Liberty Media]], which owns 50% of Sirius XM Radio, had considered purchasing WorldSpace's assets, but talks between the companies collapsed.<ref name="dhilzenrath"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Collis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/20/style/20iht-trfreq_ed3__.html |title=The Frequent Traveler: Keeping in touch on the road through satellite radio |work=New York Times |date=December 20, 2002}}</ref> The satellites are now transmitting educational data and operate under the name of Yazmi USA, LLC.

Ondas Media was a Spanish company which had proposed to launch a subscription-based satellite radio system to serve Spain and much of Western Europe, but failed to acquire licenses throughout Europe.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Onde Numérique was a French company which had proposed to launch a subscription-based satellite radio system to serve France and several other countries in Western Europe but has suspended its plans indefinitely, effective December, 2016.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

===United States===
Sirius Satellite Radio was founded by [[Martine Rothblatt]], who served as the new company's Chairman of the Board.<ref name="mherper">{{cite news|author=Herper, Matthew |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0510/second-acts-pharmaceuticals-orphan-drugs-pah-deep-breaths.html|title=From Satellites to Pharmaceuticals|work=Forbes|date=April 22, 2010}}</ref> Co-founder [[David Margolese]] served as Chief Executive Officer with former NASA engineer [[Robert Briskman]] serving as President and Chief Operating Officer.<ref name="memorandum">{{citation|  url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sirius_XM_Founder_and_Corporate_Executive_Positions.jpg|title=Document showing Martine Rothblatt as founder of Sirius XM|date=June 23, 1992}}</ref><ref name="swarren">{{cite book|author=Warren, Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0jSxLqs-TwC&q=cd+radio+david+margolese&pg=PT181|title=Radio: The Book|publisher=Focal Press|date=2004|page=166|isbn=978-0-240-80696-9}}</ref> In June 1990, Rothblatt's shell company, Satellite CD Radio, Inc., petitioned the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) to assign new frequencies for satellites to broadcast digital sound to homes and cars.<ref name="eandrews"/> The company identified and argued in favor of the use of the [[S-band]] frequencies that the FCC subsequently decided to allocate to digital audio broadcasting. The [[National Association of Broadcasters]] contended that satellite radio would harm local radio stations.<ref name="lbelsie"/>

In April 1992, Rothblatt resigned as CEO of Satellite CD Radio;<ref name="mherper"/> Briskman, who designed the company's satellite technology, was then appointed chairman and CEO.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-12310541.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031092005/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-12310541.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |title=Robert Briskman appointed chairman and CEO |work=Satellite News |date=June 1, 1992}}</ref><ref name="bmclean">{{cite news |first=Bethany |last=McLean |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2001/01/22/295563/index.htm |title=Satellite Killed The Radio Star| work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=January 22, 2001 |pages=94–100}}</ref> Six months later, [[Rogers Wireless]] co-founder Margolese, who had provided financial backing for the venture, acquired control of the company and succeeded Briskman. Margolese renamed the company CD Radio, and spent the next five years lobbying the FCC to allow satellite radio to be deployed, and the following five years raising $1.6 billion, which was used to build and launch three satellites into elliptical orbit from [[Kazakhstan]] in July 2000.<ref name="bmclean"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Nancy |last=Dillon |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/money/beaming-radio-high-tech-fast-lane-article-1.875098 |title=Beaming Radio Into High-Tech Fast Lane |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=June 5, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Christopher H. |last=Sterling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4XJQD4O_TkC&q=sirius+name+change+orbital&pg=PA750 |title=Encyclopedia of Radio, Volume 1 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2003 |page=750|isbn=9780203484289 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Romero |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/10/business/xm-satellite-radio-completes-its-financing.html |title=XM Satellite Radio Completes Its Financing |work=New York Times|date=July 10, 2000}}</ref> In 1997, after Margolese had obtained regulatory clearance and "effectively created the industry," the FCC also sold a license to the American Mobile Radio Corporation,<ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Houpt |url=http://www.davidmargolese.com/pub/report-on-business-web.pdf |title=Radio Flyer |work=[[Report on Business]] |issue=September 2001 |pages=14–16 |access-date=2013-05-11 |archive-date=2016-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413184112/http://www.davidmargolese.com/pub/report-on-business-web.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref> which changed its name to [[XM Satellite Radio]] in October 1998.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F98E7271A1EFA29&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=AMRC changes name to XM Satellite Radio |author=XM Satellite Radio |location=New York |publisher=BBC Archive |date=November 16, 1998}}</ref> XM was founded by Lon Levin and Gary Parsons, who served as chairman until November 2009.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Vince |last=Beiser |url=https://www.wired.com/science/space/magazine/15-11/ff_spacehotel?currentPage=4 |title=Hotel Biz Zillionaire's Next Venture? Inflatable Space Pods |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=October 23, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kathy |last=Shwiff |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703683804574532221444468060 |title=Parsons Resigns as Chairman of Sirius XM Radio |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=November 12, 2009}}</ref>

CD Radio purchased their license for $83.3 million, and American Mobile Radio Corporation bought theirs for $89.9 million. Digital Satellite Broadcasting Corporation and [[Primosphere]] were unsuccessful in their bids for licenses.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/media/radio/comparison.html  |title=Revolutions in Radio |work=[[PBS]] Newshour |date=May 4, 2005}}</ref> Sky Highway Radio Corporation had also expressed interest in creating a satellite radio network, before being bought out by CD Radio in 1993 for $2 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/sirius-satellite-radio-inc-history/ |title=Sirius Satellite Radio, Inc. History |website=fundinguniverse.com |access-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> In November 1999, Margolese changed the name of CD Radio to Sirius Satellite Radio.<ref name="swarren"/> In November 2001, Margolese stepped down as CEO, remaining as chairman until November 2003, with Sirius issuing a statement thanking him "for his great vision, leadership and dedication in creating both Sirius and the satellite radio industry."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/David+Margolese+Steps+Down+as+Sirius+CEO.-a079162975 |title=David Margolese Steps Down as Sirius CEO |website=[[PRNewswire]] |date=October 16, 2001 |access-date=May 11, 2013 |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708062431/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/David+Margolese+Steps+Down+as+Sirius+CEO.-a079162975 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

XM's first satellite was launched on March 18, 2001 and its second on May 8, 2001.<ref name="kbonsor">{{cite web |first=Kevin |last=Bonsor |url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/satellite-radio.htm |title=How Satellite Radio Works |website=[[HowStuffWorks]] |access-date=May 1, 2013|date=2001-09-26 }}</ref> Its first broadcast occurred on September 25, 2001, nearly four months before Sirius.<ref name="sparker">{{cite news |first=Steve |last=Parker |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-parker/xm-plus-sirius-satellite_b_114678.html |title=XM plus Sirius = Satellite Radio Monopoly |work=[[Huffington Post]] |date=July 24, 2008}}</ref> Sirius launched the initial phase of its service in four cities on February 14, 2002,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://radiomagonline.com/currents/business/radio_sirius_begins_satellite/ |title=Sirius Begins Satellite Service |work=[[Radio (magazine)|Radio]] |date=February 14, 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607222527/http://www.radiomagonline.com/currents/business/radio_sirius_begins_satellite |archive-date=June 7, 2017 }}</ref> expanding to the rest of the contiguous United States on July 1, 2002.<ref name="sparker"/> The two companies spent over $3 billion combined to develop satellite radio technology, build and launch the satellites, and for various other business expenses.<ref name="spacefoundation"/> Stating that it was the only way satellite radio could survive, Sirius and XM announced their merger on February 19, 2007, becoming Sirius XM.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kim |last=Hart |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/25/AR2008072503026.html?hpid=topnews |title=Satellite Radio Merger Approved |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=July 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Richard |last1=Siklos  |first2=Andrew Ross |last2=Sorkin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/business/media/20radio.html?pagewanted=all |title=Merger Would End Satellite Radio's Rivalry |work=New York Times |date=February 20, 2007}}</ref> The FCC approved the merger on July 25, 2008, concluding that it was not a monopoly, primarily due to Internet audio-streaming competition.<ref>{{cite news |first=Olga |last=Kharif |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-07-25/the-fcc-approves-the-xm-sirius-mergerbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115013316/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-07-25/the-fcc-approves-the-xm-sirius-mergerbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |title=The FCC Approves the XM-Sirius Merger |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=July 25, 2008}}</ref>

===Japan===
{{Contradicts other|St.GIGA|here|History of Satellite Radio?|date=September 2022}} 
MobaHo! was a mobile satellite digital audio/video broadcasting service based in [[Japan]] which offered different services to  Japan and the Republic of Korea and whose services began on October 20, 2004, and ended on March 31, 2009.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Conneally |url=http://betanews.com/2008/07/30/toshiba-to-shut-down-mobile-broadcast-tv-service/ |title=Toshiba to shut down mobile broadcast TV service |work=betanews.com |date=July 30, 2008}}</ref>

===Canada===
XM satellite radio was launched in Canada on November 29, 2005. Sirius followed two days later on December 1, 2005. [[Sirius Canada]] and [[XM Radio Canada]] announced their merger into [[Sirius XM Canada]] on November 24, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |url=http://www.techspot.com/news/41302-xm-and-sirius-to-finally-merge-in-canada.html |title=XM and Sirius to finally merge in Canada |website=techspot.com |date=November 25, 2010}}</ref> It was approved by the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] on April 12, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/89975/crtc-approves-sirius-xm-merger-in-canada |title=CRTC Approves Sirius XM Merger In Canada |website=All Access |date=April 12, 2011}}</ref>