Editing Santa Cruz, New Mexico (section)

==History==

===Overview===
The area that was later to be occupied by the village of Santa Cruz de la Cañada is located 25 miles northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, and a half-mile east of Española, New Mexico, at 5,655 feet AMSL, and UTM NAD 83, Z-13S, 404927E, 3983643N in the valley of the Santa Cruz River half-mile from its confluence with the Rio Grande.  Upon arrival of Spanish conquistadores in 1540, the Santa Cruz area was inhabited by Tewa speakers (descendants of "Ancestral Puebloans," formerly referred to as "Anasazi"), and after Vargas' "reconquests" (of the Pueblo Revolt) of 1692 and 1696, by southern Tewa  (or Tano) who had been relocated from the Galisteo Basin, 45 miles south, as a result of Vargas' Spanish repopulation efforts on behalf of the Spanish Crown. Among the best reference materials for this history is:  "The Pueblo Indian Revolt of 1696 and the Franciscan Missions in New Mexico" by J. Manuel Espinosa (1991).

===Colonial period===
[[File:Ddevargas.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|Diego de Vargas (oil on canvas) by Julio Barrera, from the collection of the [[Palace of the Governors]], date unknown.]] 
The nearby, and unsuccessful, Spanish colony at San Gabriel established by the explorer [[Juan de Oñate]] at [[Ohkay Owingeh]] in 1598 produced Spanish ''haciendas'' and ''ranchos'' in the vicinity. During the [[Pueblo Revolt]] of 1680, Hispanic settlers  were forced to leave the area. In 1695, following the [[Pueblo Revolt#Reconquest|Reconquest of 1692-1694]] and the [[Pueblo Revolt#Reconquest|second Pueblo Revolt]] in 1696, Governor and Captain General of New Mexico, Don [[Diego de Vargas]] reestablished the Hispanic settlement. It was established as a new Spanish ''villa'' for those that had arrived from Mexico City as settlers and participants in the military campaigns during the reconquest. It was named ''Villa Nueva de Santa Cruz de los Españoles Mejicanos del Rey Nuestro Señor Carlos Segundo'' (The New Town of the Holy Cross of Mexican Spaniards under the King Our Lord [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]]). It later shortened simply to Santa Cruz de la Cañada (la Cañada translates as "a small river or creek valley").

The new Hispanic community was the second villa established by the Spanish in New Mexico and was one of only three established during the colonial period, the first being Santa Fe and the last, Albuquerque. The area surrounding Santa Cruz de la Cañada was described during this period as containing many copious fruit orchards irrigated by the Santa Cruz River and its tributaries.

The original population of Tano Pueblo Natives in the area were at first grouped by Diego de Vargas into two pueblos with the same names ([[San Lazaro archaeological site|San Lazaro]] and San Cristobal) as previously established in this [[Galisteo Basin]], but were relocated from the area by the end of the 17th century, following the second Pueblo Revolt. Many of the Tewa People left the area to join the [[Hopi people]] and became the [[Arizona Tewa|Hopi-Tewas]] at First Mesa.<ref name="Wroth">{{cite web|last=Wroth|first=William H.|title=Santa Cruz de la Cañada|url=http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails_docs.php?fileID=504|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415101753/http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails_docs.php?fileID=504|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2013|publisher=New Mexico Office of the State Historian|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref>

The existing [[La Iglesia de Santa Cruz and Site of the Plaza of Santa Cruz de la Canada|Santa Cruz Catholic Church]] building in the Holy Cross Parish was originally constructed between 1733 and 1748 to replace a structure that was reported to be in danger of collapsing and beyond repair,<ref name="Wroth"/> although the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Fe|Archdiocese of Santa Fe]] archives do not have a record either that Santa Cruz was a parish or that there was a church building existing at that time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Staff|title=New Mexico Santa Cruz de la Cañada Church|url=http://www.nmgs.org/bksA2-4-6.htm|publisher=New Mexico Genealogical Society|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref> The first baptism in the community was recorded on September 15, 1710. Artwork in the church has been contributed by well known local [[Santo (art)|Santeros]]. The church is currently maintained by the [[Sons of the Holy Family]] and is open to tourists and visitors Monday through Friday.<ref>{{cite web|last=staff|title=Santa Cruz de la Canada Church|url=http://www.fourcornersgeotourism.com/content/santa-cruz-de-la-canada-church/fcaE24AF64829FEF07AF|publisher=National Geographic Society|accessdate=4 February 2013}}</ref>

===Mexican period===
Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth century, frontier settlement at Santa Cruz de la Cañada had produced a rustic and self-reliant population. With news of [[Mexican independence]] in 1821, the town was hardly affected with the exception of the new government's laws and office appointments. Trade with the United States had been forbidden under the former Spanish government, but now enterprising Anglo-Americans began pouring down the [[Santa Fe Trail]], bringing a new prosperity to the region

The [[Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)|Revolt of 1837]] was centered in Santa Cruz de la Cañada. In 1835, Mexico's new autocratic and unpopular provincial governor, [[Albino Pérez]], was met on his arrival in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] with suspicion and opposition, on the basis of rumors of aggressive new tax collections. Following his defeat in Texas, President [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], with his "[[Siete Leyes]]," was moving toward government centralization, an increased ability to tax, and eventually to military dictatorship.

When Pérez had Juan José Esquibel, the ''alcalde'' (mayor) of Santa Cruz, jailed in 1837, influential members of the community raised a militia. Pérez led a force in response which was defeated by the rebels at Black Mesa near [[San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico|San Ildefonso Pueblo]] before he reached Santa Cruz. The rebels beheaded Pérez and killed some of his government officials, then appointed [[genizaro]] José González as new governor. Later, utilizing the support of Anglo merchants in Santa Fe, New Mexico native [[Manuel Armijo]] defeated of the rebels at Puertocito Pojoaque, east of Santa Cruz de la Cañada.

===Territorial period===
[[File:BattleofCanada.jpg|300px|right|thumb|A Battle of Canada map, featuring the [[Presidio Santa Cruz de la Cañada|presidio]] of Santa Cruz at the top.]]
The arrival of the American Army under [[Stephen W. Kearny]] in 1846 ended the twenty-five years of Mexican rule in New Mexico. In January 1847, however, rebellious forces murdered the first U.S. assigned Governor, [[Charles Bent]], at his home in [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]], beginning the [[Taos Revolt]]. Occupying forces in Santa Fe quickly moved an army north under Colonel [[Sterling Price]] to stop the rebellion. Colonel Price's troops first met armed resistance at Santa Cruz against a poorly armed and trained force of rebels which they subdued with cannon. The skirmish would become known as the [[Battle of Cañada]].

===Statehood through present===
Santa Cruz has continued to maintain much of its traditions and history especially through the Catholic Church. The mission church, built after the first fell into disrepair in the early eighteenth century, remains active and vibrant with a large and dedicated congregation. The arrival of the railroad in the 1880s brought the growth of a new town named [[Española, New Mexico|Española]]. The growth of the new city eventually encompassed the old Spanish community and has largely concealed it. Once considered the second most important settlement in New Mexico, the town is now masked by its popular tourist neighbors Taos and Santa Fe. [[File:Holy Cross Catholic Church (Iglesia de Santa Cruz de la Cañada), Santa Cruz, New Mexico, USA-1.jpg|thumb|right|The Catholic church in Santa Cruz, probably built in 1733 or not long after, is the biggest and has been considered the best mission church in New Mexico.<ref>{{URL|http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/spmc/body.1_div.27.html|southwest.library.arizona.edu}}</ref>]]
[[File:Church at Santa Cruz, WH Jackson, 1881.jpg|thumb|The Santa Cruz church in 1881. Photo by [[William Henry Jackson]].]]