Editing Sansei (section)

==In various countries==
[[File:Japanese Immigrants disembarkment in Brazil 1937.jpg|thumb|right|The grandchildren of these Japanese-Brazilian (''Nipo-brasileiros'') immigrants are called ''Sansei''.]]
Although the earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in [[Mexico]] in 1897,<ref name="mofa-Mexico">Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/mexico/index.html  ''Japan-Mexico Relations'']; retrieved 2011-05-17</ref> the four largest populations of Japanese and their descendants are in [[Brazil]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and [[Peru]].

===Brazilian ''Sansei''===
{{main|Japanese Brazilians}}
Brazil is home to the largest Japanese population outside of [[Japan]], with an estimate of more than 1.5 million people (including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity),<ref>MOFA, [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/brazil/index.html "Japan-Brazil Relations"]; retrieved 2011-05-17</ref> more than that of the 1.2 million in the [[United States]].<ref>US Census, [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:041&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en "Selected Population Profile in the United States; Japanese alone or in any combination," 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212035921/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:041&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en |date=2020-02-12 }}; retrieved 2011-05-17</ref>  The ''Sansei'' Japanese of Brazil are an important ethnic minority in the South American nation.<ref>Simons, Marlise. [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/world/japanese-gone-brazilian-unhurried-workaholics.html  "Japanese Gone Brazilian: Unhurried Workaholics,"] ''New York Times.'' May 8, 1988; retrieved 2011-05-17</ref>

===American ''Sansei''===
{{main|Japanese Americans}} 
Most American ''Sansei'' were born during the [[Baby Boom]] after the end of [[World War II]]; older ''Sansei'', who were living in the western United States during the war, were forcibly incarcerated with their parents (''Nisei'') and grandparents (''[[Issei]]'') after [[Executive Order 9066]] was promulgated to exclude everyone of Japanese descent from the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] and from [[Southern Arizona]]. The ''Sansei'' were forceful activists in the [[Japanese American redress and court cases|redress movement]] of the 1980s, which resulted in an [[Civil Liberties Act of 1988|official apology]] to the internees.<ref>Sowell, Thomas. (1981). [https://books.google.com/books?id=m60q57zoReUC&dq=sansei&pg=PA176  ''Ethnic America: A History,'' p. 176.]</ref>  In some senses, the ''Sansei'' seem to feel they are caught in a dilemma between their "quiet" Nisei parents and their other identity model of "verbal" and outspoken Americans.<ref>Miyoshi, Nobu. (1978). [http://www.momomedia.com/CLPEF/sansei/identity.htm  "Identity Crisis of the Sansei and the Concentration Camp,"] Sansei Legacy Project (NIMH Grant No. 1 R13 MH25655-01); retrieved 2011-05-17</ref>

In the United States, an iconic ''Sansei'' is General [[Eric Shinseki]] (born November 28, 1942, 34th [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] (1999–2003) and former [[United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs]]. He is the first [[Asian American]] in U.S. history to be a [[four-star general]], and the first to lead one of the four U.S. military services.<ref>Zweigenhaft, Richard L. ''et al.'' (2006). {{Google books|0V0gO8tArK8C|''Diversity in the Power Elite: How it Happened, why it Matters,'' pp. 191-192|page=191}}; US Army, Center of Military History, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080109055503/http://www.history.army.mil/books/cg%26csa/Shinseki.htm Eric Ken Shinksei]; retrieved 2011-05-17</ref>

===Canadian ''Sansei''===
{{main|Japanese Canadians}} 
Within Japanese-Canadian communities across Canada, three distinct subgroups developed, each with different sociocultural referents, generational identities, and wartime experiences.<ref name="mclellan36">McLellan, Janet. (1999). {{Google books|NMm024458s4C|''Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto,'' p. 36|page=36}}; Ikawa, Fumiko. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/667278  "Reviews: ''Umi o Watatta Nippon no Mura'' by Masao Gamo and "''Steveston Monogatari: Sekai no Naka no Nipponjin''" by Kazuko Tsurumi], ''American Anthropologist'' (US). New Series, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Feb., 1963), pp. 152-156; retrieved 2011-05-17</ref>

===Peruvian ''Sansei''===
{{main|Japanese Peruvians}} 
Among the approximately 80,000 Peruvians of Japanese descent, the ''Sansei'' Japanese Peruvians comprise the largest number. Former Peruvian President [[Alberto Fujimori]], who was in office from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000, was the ''nisei'' son of ''Issei'' emigrants from [[Kumamoto|Kumamoto City]], [[Kumamoto Prefecture]], Japan.