Editing Samuel Pepys (section)

==Early life==
[[File:PepysQuarteringTalbot.jpg|thumb|[[Bookplate]], {{circa|1680–1690}}, with arms of Samuel Pepys: [[Quartering (heraldry)|Quarterly]] 1st & 4th: ''Sable, on a bend or between two nag's heads erased argent three fleurs-de-lis of the field'' (Pepys{{sfnp|Debrett's peerage|1968|p=287|loc=Pepys, Earl of Cottenham}}); 2nd & 3rd: ''Gules, a [[Lions in heraldry|lion rampant]] within a bordure engrailed or'' (Talbot{{sfnp|Debrett's peerage|1968|p=1015|loc=Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury}}). Samuel Pepys was descended from John Pepys who married Elizabeth Talbot, the heiress of [[Cottenham]] in Cambridgeshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armorial.library.utoronto.ca/stamp-owners/PEP001|title=- British Armorial Bindings|work=utoronto.ca|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> The Pepys arms are borne by the Pepys family, [[Earl of Cottenham|Earls of Cottenham]].{{sfnp|Debrett's peerage|1968|p=287}}]]

Pepys was born in Salisbury Court, [[Fleet Street]], [[London]],{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=3|ps=: "He was born in London, above the shop, just off Fleet Street, in Salisbury Court."}}{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}<ref>{{harvp|Wheatley|1893|loc=[[:Wikisource:Diary of Samuel Pepys/Particulars of the life of Samuel Pepys|Particulars of the life of Samuel Pepys]]}}: "but the place of birth is not known with certainty. Samuel Knight, … (having married Hannah Pepys, daughter of Talbot Pepys of Impington), says positively that it was at Brampton"</ref> on 23 February 1633, the son of John Pepys (1601–1680), a tailor, and Margaret Pepys (''née'' Kite; died 1667), daughter of a [[Whitechapel]] butcher.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} His great uncle [[Talbot Pepys]] was [[Recorder (judge)|Recorder]] and briefly [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge]] in 1625. His father's first cousin [[Richard Pepys|Sir Richard Pepys]] was elected MP for [[Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Sudbury]] in 1640, appointed [[Baron of the Exchequer]] on 30 May 1654, and appointed [[Lord Chief Justice of Ireland]] on 25 September 1655.

Pepys was the fifth of 11 children, but child mortality was high and he was soon the oldest survivor.{{sfnp|Trease|1972|p=6}} He was baptised at [[St Bride's Church]] on 3 March 1633.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} Pepys did not spend all of his infancy in London; for a while, he was sent to live with nurse [[Goodwife|Goody]] Lawrence at [[Kingsland, London|Kingsland]], just north of the city.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} In about 1644, Pepys attended [[Huntingdon Grammar School]] before being educated at [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]], London, {{Circa|1646}}–1650.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} He attended the [[execution of Charles I]] in 1649.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}

[[File:Elizabeth Pepys.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Elisabeth de St Michel, Pepys' wife. Stipple engraving by [[James Thomson (engraver)|James Thomson]], after a 1666 painting (now destroyed) by [[John Hayls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?LinkID=mp03509&rNo=2&role=sit|title=National Portrait Gallery website: Elizabeth (sic) Pepys|work=npg.org.uk|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref>]]
In 1650, he went to the [[University of Cambridge]], having received two [[exhibition (scholarship)|exhibition]]s from St Paul's School (perhaps owing to the influence of [[Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet|George Downing]], who was chairman of the judges and for whom he later worked at the Exchequer){{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=28}} and a grant from the [[Mercers' Company]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} In October, he was admitted as a [[sizar]] to [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College]]; he moved there in March 1651 and took his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1654.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}{{sfnp|Trease|1972|pp=13, 17}}

Later in 1654 or early in 1655, he entered the household of one of his father's cousins, Sir [[Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich|Edward Montagu]], who was later created the 1st [[Earl of Sandwich]].

When he was 22, Pepys married 14-year-old [[Elisabeth Pepys|Elisabeth de St Michel]], a descendant of French [[Huguenot]] immigrants, first in a religious ceremony on 10 October 1655 and later in a civil ceremony on 1 December 1655 at [[St Margaret's, Westminster]].<ref>{{harvp|Knighton|2004}}. This was because religious ceremonies were not legally recognised during the [[English Interregnum|Interregnum]]. The couple regularly celebrated the anniversary of the first date.</ref>

===Illness===

From a young age, Pepys suffered from [[bladder stones]] in his [[urinary tract]] — a condition from which his mother and brother John also later suffered.{{sfnp|Trease|1972|p=16}} He was almost never without pain, as well as other symptoms, including "blood in the urine" ([[haematuria]]). By the time of his marriage, the condition was very severe.

In 1657, Pepys decided to undergo surgery; not an easy option, as the operation was known to be especially painful and hazardous. Nevertheless, Pepys consulted surgeon Thomas Hollier and, on 26 March 1658, the operation took place in a bedroom in the house of Pepys' cousin Jane Turner.{{efn|The procedure, described by Pepys as being "cut of the stone", was conducted without [[anaesthetic]]s or [[antiseptic]]s and involved restraining the patient with ropes and four strong men. The surgeon then made an incision along the [[perineum]] (between the [[scrotum]] and the [[anus]]), about {{convert|3|in|cm|0|spell=in}} long and deep enough to cut into the [[Urinary bladder|bladder]]. The stone was removed through this opening with pincers from below, assisted, from above, by a tool inserted into the bladder through the penis. A detailed description can be found in {{harvp|Tomalin|2002}}}} Pepys' stone was successfully removed{{efn|The stone was described as being the size of a [[tennis ball]]. Presumably, a [[real tennis]] ball, which is slightly smaller than a modern [[lawn tennis]] ball, but still an unusually large stone}} and he resolved to hold a celebration on every anniversary of the operation, which he did for several years.{{efn|On Monday 26 March 1660, he wrote, in his diary, "This day it is two years since it pleased God that I was cut of the stone at Mrs. Turner's in Salisbury Court. And did resolve while I live to keep it a festival, as I did the last year at my house, and for ever to have Mrs. Turner and her company with me."}} However, there were long-term effects from the operation. The incision on his bladder broke open again late in his life. The procedure may have left him sterile, though there is no direct evidence for this, as he was childless before the operation.{{efn|There are references in the Diary to pains in his bladder, whenever he caught cold. In April 1700, Pepys wrote, to his nephew Jackson, "It has been my calamity for much the greatest part of this time to have been kept bedrid, under an evil so rarely known as to have had it matter of universal surprise and with little less general opinion of its dangerousness; namely, that the cicatrice of a wound occasioned upon my cutting of the stone, without hearing anything of it in all this time, should after more than 40 years' perfect cure, break out again." After Pepys' death, the [[Autopsy|post-mortem]] examination showed his left kidney was completely ulcerated; seven stones, weighing {{convert|4+1/2|oz|g|spell=in}}, were also found. His bladder was gangrenous, and the old wound was broken open again.}} In mid-1658 Pepys moved to Axe Yard, near the modern [[Downing Street]]. He worked as a teller in the [[Exchequer]] under [[Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet|George Downing]].{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}