Editing Samoyed dog (section)

== History ==
[[File:Samoyed from 1915.JPG|thumb|left|Samoyed, circa 1915]]

The progenitor of the Samoyeds was the [[Nenets Herding Laika]], a reindeer herding spitz commonly used throughout northern Siberia, especially the [[Nenets people|Nenets]] people who were pejoratively referred to as Samoyeds at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-20|title=Давай-ка, ненецкая лайка!|url=https://kras.mk.ru/articles/2017/12/20/davayka-neneckaya-layka.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=kras.mk.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Presberg|first=Carole|date=2014|title=Herding Dogs of Asia: Russian Siberia|url=http://www.bordercolliemuseum.org/BCCousins/Asia/Russia.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.bordercolliemuseum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=David G.|date=2000|title=Siberian Survival: The Nenets and Their Story (Book review)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.2000.102.4.942|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=102|issue=4|pages=942–943|doi=10.1525/aa.2000.102.4.942|s2cid=161524457}}</ref> DNA evidence confirms that Samoyeds are a [[Dog breed#Basal breeds|basal breed]] that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Larson, G|year=2012|title=Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography|doi=10.1073/pnas.1203005109|pmid=22615366|pmc=3384140|volume=109|issue=23|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|pages=8878–83|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.8878L|doi-access=free}}</ref> A genomic study of two dog specimens that are nearly 100 years old and obtained from the [[Nenets people]] on the [[Yamal Peninsula]] found that these are related to two specimens dated 2,000 years old and 850 years old, which suggests continuity of the lineage in this region. The two 100 year old dogs were closely related with the Samoyed breed, which indicates that the ancient arctic lineage lives on in the modern Samoyed dog.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.2100338118| issn=0027-8424|title=Modern Siberian dog ancestry was shaped by several thousand years of Eurasian-wide trade and human dispersal|year=2021|last1=Feuerborn|first1=Tatiana R.|last2=Carmagnini|first2=Alberto|last3=Losey|first3=Robert J.|last4=Nomokonova|first4=Tatiana|last5=Askeyev|first5=Arthur|last6=Askeyev|first6=Igor|last7=Askeyev|first7=Oleg|last8=Antipina|first8=Ekaterina E.|last9=Appelt|first9=Martin|last10=Bachura|first10=Olga P.|last11=Beglane|first11=Fiona|last12=Bradley|first12=Daniel G.|last13=Daly|first13=Kevin G.|last14=Gopalakrishnan|first14=Shyam|last15=Murphy Gregersen|first15=Kristian|last16=Guo|first16=Chunxue|last17=Gusev|first17=Andrei V.|last18=Jones|first18=Carleton|last19=Kosintsev|first19=Pavel A.|last20=Kuzmin|first20=Yaroslav V.|last21=Mattiangeli|first21=Valeria|last22=Perri|first22=Angela R.|last23=Plekhanov|first23=Andrei V.|last24=Ramos-Madrigal|first24=Jazmín|last25=Schmidt|first25=Anne Lisbeth|last26=Shaymuratova|first26=Dilyara|last27=Smith|first27=Oliver|last28=Yavorskaya|first28=Lilia V.|last29=Zhang|first29=Guojie|last30=Willerslev|first30=Eske|last31=Meldgaard|first31=Morten|last32=Gilbert|first32=M. Thomas P.|last33=Larson|first33=Greger|last34=Dalén|first34=Love|last35=Hansen|first35=Anders J.|last36=Sinding|first36=Mikkel-Holger S.|last37=Frantz|first37=Laurent|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=39|pages=e2100338118|pmid=34544854|pmc=8488619| bibcode=2021PNAS..11800338F|s2cid=237584023| doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Nansen Johansen depart 14 March 1895.jpg|left|thumb|Nansen Johansen departing to the North Pole]]
[[File:Man with binoculars 1899, British Antarctic (Southern Cross) Expedition (cropped).jpg|thumb|Southern Cross Expedition, 1899]]

During preparation for the [[Nansen's Fram expedition|Fram expedition]] to the North Pole in 1893–1896, 33 dogs were purchased from the Nenets people. While 28 of these dogs would go to the North Pole, none of them survived. The remaining dogs, including pups born during the voyage, were left aboard the ship. In April 1893 the bitch had another litter, most of them white. According to Nansen's notes "...all the dogs were strong, tough and excellent at pulling sleds; they worked very well in hunting Polar bears [as well]." These dogs would become the original Samoyeds.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Samoyed: Breed Origin and History|url=https://www.samoyedclubofamerica.org/the-samoyed/in-depth/breed-origin-and-history|website=samoyedclubofamerica.org}}</ref>

British Zoologist Ernest Kilburn-Scott is widely considered the founder of Samoyed breed. In 1889, he returned to England with a puppy he had purchased from a Samoyed encampment near [[Arkhangelsk]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/212g05-en.pdf |title=FCI-Standard N° 212 SAMOIEDSKAÏA SABAKA (Samoyed) |publisher=FEDERATION CYNOLOGIQUE INTERNATIONALE |year=2019 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Auckram |first=Val |date=2006-05-01 |title=The Samoyed Early Days |url=https://www.thesamoyedclub.org.nz/pdfs/samoyed-supplement-new-zealand-kennel-club-gazette-may-2006-volume-46-no-4.pdf |journal=New Zealand Kennel Gazette |pages=2–3}}</ref>  In the early days, imported dogs were a wide array of colors. However, it was widely believed that the "true Samoyeds," as originally bred in Siberia, were predominantly white.<ref name=":2" /> In 1909, the first official breed standard for the Samoyed was developed in England.<ref name=":1" />

In 1898–1900, [[Carsten Borchgrevink]] brought 90 Samoyeds to the southern hemisphere during the [[Southern Cross Expedition|''Southern Cross'' Expedition]]. In his book "To the South Polar Regions," expedition member [[Louis Bernacchi]] wrote:<ref name=":2" />

{{Blockquote
|text="The sickness was aggravated by the intense heat and the appalling effluvium arising from the 90 Siberian sledge-dogs we had on deck. These dogs were procured from the Samoyedes in the North of Siberia and were the first dogs ever introduced in Antarctic exploration."|author=
}}

On the return trip, the dogs were left on [[Native Island]], New Zealand. Due to quarantine requirements, many of the dogs were killed but a few remained. 9 of the remaining dogs were bought by [[Ernest Shackleton]].<ref name=":2" />

[[Robert Falcon Scott]] brought twenty Samoyeds with him during his 1902 journey. The dogs struggled under the conditions Scott placed them in, with four dogs pulling heavily loaded sleds through 45&nbsp;cm (18&nbsp;in) of snow with bleeding feet. Scott blamed their failure on rotten dried fish.<ref>William J. Mills (2003). ''Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO. pp. 189–192. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-422-0}}. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</ref>