Editing Sallust (section)

== Life and career ==

Sallust was probably born in [[Amiternum]] in [[Central Italy]],<ref name=syme.7>{{harvnb|Syme|1964|p=7}}.</ref><ref name=mellor.30>{{harvnb|Mellor|2002|p=30}}</ref><ref name=grant.13>{{harvnb|Grant|1995|p=13}}.</ref> though [[Eduard Schwartz]] takes the view that Sallust's birthplace was Rome.{{sfn|Syme|1964|p=15}} His birth date is calculated from the report of [[Jerome]]'s ''[[Chronicon (Jerome)|Chronicon]]''.<ref name=syme.13>{{harvnb|Syme|1964|p=13}}.</ref> But [[Ronald Syme]] suggests that Jerome's date has to be adjusted because of his carelessness,<ref name=syme.13 /> and suggests 87 BC as a more correct date.<ref name=syme.13 /> However, Sallust's birth is widely dated at 86 BC,<ref name=mellor.30 /><ref>{{in lang|ru}} Альбрехт, М. (2002) ''История римской литературы'' [Istoriya Rimskoy Literatury], Т. 1. Греко-латинский кабинет. С. 480</ref><ref>{{in lang|ru}} Горенштейн, В. О. (1981) ''Гай Саллюстий Крисп. Сочинения''. Наука. С. 148</ref> and the ''[[Der Kleine Pauly|Kleine Pauly Encyclopedia]]'' takes 1 October 86 BC as the birthdate.<ref name=dkp>Schmidt, P. L. "Sallustius (4)", ''Der Kleine Pauly''. Bd. IV. Sp. 1513</ref> [[Michael Grant (classicist)|Michael Grant]] cautiously offers 80s BC.<ref name=grant.13 />

There is no information about Sallust's parents or family,<ref name=syme.14>{{harvnb|Syme|1964|p=14}}.</ref> except for [[Tacitus]]' mention of his sister.<ref>[[Tacitus]], [[Annals (Tacitus)|''Annales'']] III.30.3</ref> The ''Sallustii'' were a provincial noble family of [[Sabines|Sabine]] origin.<ref name=mellor.30 /><ref name=grant.13 /><ref name=syme.9>{{harvnb|Syme|1964|p=9}}.</ref> They belonged to the [[equestrian order]] and had full Roman citizenship.<ref name=mellor.30 /> During the [[Social War (91–88 BC)|Social War]] Sallust's parents hid in Rome, because Amiternum was under threat of siege by rebelling Italic tribes.<ref name=syme.12>{{harvnb|Syme|1964|p=12}}.</ref> Because of this Sallust could have been raised in Rome.<ref name=syme.14 /> He received a very good education.<ref name=mellor.30 />

=== Early career ===

After an ill-spent youth, Sallust entered [[Cursus honorum|public life]] and may have won election as [[quaestor]] in 55&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Broughton|1952|p=217|ps=. "The date of his quaestorship is probably 55, since he was born in 86 and held the [plebeian] tribunate... in 52".}}</ref> However, the evidence is unclear; some scholars suggest he never held the post.<ref name=grant.13 /><ref name=syme.28>{{harvnb|Syme|1964|p=28}}</ref>{{sfn|Earl|1966|p=306}} The "earliest certain information" on his career is his term as [[plebeian tribune]] in 52 BC, the year in which the followers of [[Titus Annius Milo|Milo]] killed [[Publius Clodius Pulcher|Clodius]]. During his year, Sallust supported the prosecution of Milo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Millar |first=Fergus |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/264095990 |title=The crowd in Rome in the late Republic |date=1998 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-10892-1 |oclc=264095990 |pages=181–83}}</ref> He also organised "ferocious street demonstrations" to exert public pressure on Cicero, intimidating him into "giving a substandard performance" when defending Milo at his trial,{{sfn|Mellor|2002|p=31}} seeing Milo leave the city into exile. In this year, he, with the other ten tribunes, all supported a law to permit Caesar to stand for a second consulship in absentia.{{sfn|Broughton|1952|p=236}}

Syme suggests that Sallust, because of his position in Milo's trial, did not originally support Caesar.<ref name=syme.29>{{harvnb|Syme|1964|p=29}}.</ref> According to one inscription, some Sallustius (with unclear [[praenomen]]) was a [[proquaestor]] in Syria in 50&nbsp;BC under [[Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus]].{{sfn|Broughton|1952|p=242}} Mommsen identified this Sallustius with Sallust the historian, but Broughton argued that Sallust the historian would not have been an assistant to Caesar's adversary or, as an ex-plebeian tribune, have taken the lowly title ''legatus pro quaestore''.{{sfn|Broughton|1952|p=247}}

Sallust's political affiliation is unclear in this early period,{{sfn|Earl|1966|p=311}} but after he was expelled from the senate in 50&nbsp;BC by [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 BC)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]] (then serving as [[Roman censor|censor]]), he joined Caesar.{{sfn|Pelling|2012|p=1310}} He was removed on grounds of immorality, but this was likely a pretext for his opposition to Milo during his tribunate.{{sfn|Broughton|1952|p=248}}{{sfn|Pelling|2012|p=1310}}

=== Caesar's civil war ===
{{see|Caesar's civil war}}

During the [[Caesar's Civil War|civil war]] from 49 to 45&nbsp;BC, Sallust was a Caesarian partisan, but his role was not significant; his name is not mentioned in the dictator's ''[[Commentarii de Bello Civili]]''.<ref name=syme.36>{{harvnb|Syme|1964|p=36}}.</ref> Plutarch reported that Sallust dined with Caesar, [[Aulus Hirtius|Hirtius]], [[Gaius Oppius|Oppius]], [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus (consul)|Balbus]] and [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus|Sulpicius Rufus]] on the night after Caesar's [[crossing the Rubicon]] into Italy in early January.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dando-Collins|first=Stephan|title=The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Tenth Legion and Rome|year=2002|isbn=0-471-09570-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/caesarslegionepi00dand/page/67 67]|publisher=Wiley |url=https://archive.org/details/caesarslegionepi00dand/page/67}}</ref> In 49 BC, Sallust was moved to [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] and probably commanded at least one legion there after the failure of [[Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)|Publius Cornelius Dolabella]] and [[Gaius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Gaius Antonius]].<ref name=dkp /><ref name=syme.36 /> This campaign was unsuccessful.<ref name=syme.36 /> In 48&nbsp;BC, he was probably made quaestor by Caesar, automatically restoring his seat in the senate.<ref name=dkp /><ref>{{harvnb|Broughton|1952|p=274|ps=. Broughton notes disagreement about the dates. The pseudo-Cicero ''Invective'' dates his senatorial return to 50 via a quaestorship; Broughton places it in 48&nbsp;BC.}}</ref> In late summer 47&nbsp;BC, a group of soldiers rebelled near Rome, demanding their discharge and payment for service. Sallust, as ''praetor designatus'' and serving as one of Caesar's legates,{{sfn|Broughton|1952|p=291}} with several other senators, was sent to persuade the soldiers to abstain, but the rebels killed two senators, and Sallust narrowly escaped death.{{sfn|Mellor|2002|p=31}}

In 46&nbsp;BC, he served as a [[praetor]]{{sfn|Broughton|1952|p=613}} and accompanied Caesar in his African campaign, which ended in another defeat of the remaining Pompeians at [[Battle of Thapsus|Thapsus]]. Sallust did not participate in military operations directly, but he commanded several ships and organized supply through the [[Kerkennah Islands]]. As a reward for his services, Sallust was appointed proconsular governor of [[Numidia|Africa Nova]], either from 46–45 or for early 44&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Broughton|1952|pp=298, 613}} It is not clear why: Sallust was not a skilled general; the province was militarily significant. Moreover, his successors as governor were experienced military men. However, Sallust successfully managed the organization of supply and transportation, and these qualities could have determined Caesar's choice.<ref name="syme.37">{{harvnb|Syme|1964|p=37}}.</ref> As governor he was so corrupt and avaricious that – on his return in late 45 or early 44&nbsp;BC{{sfn|Broughton|1952|p=329}} – only Caesar's dictatorial influence enabled him to escape conviction on charges of corruption and extortion.{{sfn|Mellor|2002|p=32}} On his return to Rome he purchased and began laying out in great splendour the famous gardens on the [[Quirinal Hill|Quirinal]] known as the [[Gardens of Sallust]] ({{langx|la|Horti Sallustiani}}), which were later inherited by the emperors.

=== Retirement ===
[[File:Piranesi-10047.jpg|thumb|Gardens of Sallust]]
Due to those charges and without prospects for advancement, he devoted himself to writing history,{{sfn|Pelling|2012|p=1310}} presenting his historical writings as an extension of public life to record achievements for future generations.{{sfn|Mellor|2002|p=32}} His political life influenced his histories, which produced in him a "deep bitterness toward the elite", with "few heroes in his surviving writings".{{sfn|Mellor|2002|p=35}} He also further developed his gardens, upon which he spent much of his accumulated wealth. According to [[Jerome]], Sallust later became the second husband of Cicero's ex-wife [[Terentia]].<ref>[[Jerome|Hieronymus]], ''Adversus Jovinianum'' [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0347-0420,_Hieronymus,_Adversus_Jovinianum_Libri_Duo,_MLT.pdf 2.1].48. "Illa [Terentia] … nupsit Sallustio".</ref> However, prominent scholars of Roman prosopography such as [[Ronald Syme]] believe this is a legend.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syme |first=Ronald |date=1978 |title=Sallust's Wife |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/638680 |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=292–295 |issn=0009-8388 |doi=10.1017/S0009838800034820|jstor=638680 |s2cid=170773851 }}</ref> According to [[Procopius]], when [[Alaric I|Alaric]]'s invading army entered Rome they burned Sallust's house.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Procopius |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/747116798 |chapter=Vandalic War |title=History of the Wars |volume=2 |date=1916 |series=Loeb Classical Library |publisher=Harvard University Press |translator-last=Dewing |translator-first=HB |isbn=978-0-674-99090-6 |location=Cambridge |oclc=747116798 |at=[https://archive.org/details/L081ProcopiusIIHistoryOfTheWars34VandalicWar/page/n27/mode/2up 3.2.24]}}</ref>