Editing Sakhalin (section)

==Etymology==
{{Contains special characters|Manchu}}
Sakhalin has several names including {{Transliteration|ja|Karafuto}} ({{langx|ja|樺太}} {{IPA|ja|ka̠ɾa̠ɸɯ̟to̞||audio=Ja-karafuto.ogg}}), {{Transliteration|zh|Kuye}} ({{lang-zh|c=|p=Kùyèdǎo|s=库页岛|t=庫頁島}}), {{Transliteration|mnc|Sahaliyan}} ({{lang-mnc|{{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ}}}}), {{Transliteration|oaa|Bugata nā}} ({{langx|oaa|Бугата на̄|italic=no}}),  {{Transliteration|niv|Yh-mif}} ([[Nivkh languages|Nivkh]]: {{lang|niv|Ых-миф}}).

The [[Manchus]] called it {{Transliteration|mnc|Sahaliyan ula angga hada}} {{MongolUnicode|{{lang|mnc|ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ<br />ᡠᠯᠠ ᠠᠩᡤᠠ<br />ᡥᠠᡩᠠ}}}} {{gloss|Island at the Mouth of the Black River}}.{{sfn|Narangoa|2014|p=295}} {{Transliteration|mnc|Sahaliyan}}, the word that has been borrowed in the form of "Sakhalin", means "black" in Manchu, {{Transliteration|mnc|ula}} means "river" and {{Transliteration|mnc|sahaliyan ula}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ<br />ᡠᠯᠠ|mnc}} {{gloss|Black River}} is the proper Manchu name of the [[Amur River]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

{{blockquote|The Qing dynasty called Sakhalin ‘Kuyedao’ (‘the island of Ainu’) and the indigenous people paid tribute to the Chinese empire. However, there was no formalized border around the island. The Qing dynasty was a pre- modern or ‘world empire’ which did not place emphasis on demarcating borders in the manner of the modern ‘national empires’ of the nineteenth and early twentieth century (Yamamuro 2003: 90–97).{{sfn|Nakayama|2015|p=20}}|T. Nakayama}}

The island was also called "Kuye Fiyaka".{{sfn|Schlesinger|2017|p=135}} The word "Kuye" used by the Qing is "most probably related to ''kuyi'', the name given to the Sakhalin Ainu by their Nivkh and Nanai neighbors."{{sfn|Hudson|1999|p=226}} When the Ainu migrated onto the mainland, the Chinese described a "strong Kui (or Kuwei, Kuwu, Kuye, Kugi, ''i.e.'' Ainu) presence in the area otherwise dominated by the Gilemi or Jilimi (Nivkh and other Amur peoples)."{{sfn|Zgusta|2015|p=64}} Related names were in widespread use in the region, for example the Kuril Ainu called themselves {{lang|ain|koushi}}.{{sfn|Hudson|1999|p=226}}

The origins of the traditional Japanese name, {{Transliteration|ja|Karafuto}} ({{langx|ja|樺太}}), are unclear and multiple competing explanations have been proposed. These include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yosha Bunko |url=http://wetherall.sakura.ne.jp/yoshabunko/empires/Subnations_Karafuto.html#karafutoetymology |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=wetherall.sakura.ne.jp}}</ref>

* A borrowing of Mongolian ''karahoton'', meaning "distant fortress".
* A modification of {{Langx|ja|唐人}} ''Karahito'', meaning "Chinese person", from the presence of Chinese traders on the island.
* A derivation from dialect words meaning "prawns" or "many herring".
* An aphetic form of {{Langx|ain|カムイ・カラ・プト・ヤ・モシリ}} (''kamuy kar put ya mosir'') "The island created by God at the estuary".

The Japanese form 樺太 equates to {{Langx|ko|화태}} ''Hwangt'ae'', an earlier name for the island now superseded by the transcription 사할린 ''Sahallin''.

The island was also historically referred to as "Tschoka" by European travelers in the late 18th century, such as [[Lapérouse]] and [[Georg von Langsdorff|Langsdorff]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tessa Morris-Suzuki|title=The telescope and the tinderbox: Rediscovering La Pérouse in the North Pacific|website=East Asian History|url=https://www.eastasianhistory.org/39/Morris-Suzuki/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241102090503/https://www.eastasianhistory.org/39/Morris-Suzuki/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 2, 2024|access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Eine Reise um die Welt|author=Langsdorff|year=|url=https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/langsdor/reise/chap17.html|chapter=Von Japan nach Kamtschatka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title = Zeitschrift für Ethnologie| first1 = Adolf | last1 = Bastian | first2 = Robert | last2 = Hartmann | date = 1899 | chapter = Anmerkung 2. Krafto. | page = 36 }}</ref> This name is believed to derive from an obsolete [[endonym]] used by [[Sakhalin Ainu]], possibly based on the word  ''{{lang|ain|cookay}}'' ({{IPA|/t͡ɕoː.kay/}}, "we") in [[Sakhalin Ainu language]].<ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Itsuji Tangiku|user=itangiku|number=1628010543155142656|title=1787年にフランスのラ・ペルーズ探検隊が海路から樺太に到達し樺太アイヌ語を聞いていますが、そのときには樺太を指す語として「Cokaチョカ」という語が記録されています。これはおそらく現在の樺太アイヌ語のcookayチョーカイ「私たち」にあたる語でしょう。「我々の島」と答えたのでしょう。|access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref>