Editing Saint Paul, Minnesota (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Saint Paul, Minnesota}}
[[File:Indian Mounds park.jpg|thumb|A burial mound at [[Indian Mounds Park (Saint Paul, Minnesota)|Indian Mounds Park]]]]
Burial mounds in present-day [[Indian Mounds Park (Saint Paul, Minnesota)|Indian Mounds Park]] suggest the area was inhabited by the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] Native Americans about 2,000 years ago.<ref name="Trimble">{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Steve |title=A Short history of Indian Mounds Park |work=Neighborhood Pride Celebration |publisher=daytonsbluff.org |date= July 2, 2000 |url=http://www.daytonsbluff.org/old/AShortHistoryofMoundsPark.html |access-date=December 7, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501184552/http://www.daytonsbluff.org/old/AShortHistoryofMoundsPark.html |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Mounds Park |work=Mississippi National River and recreation Area |publisher= National Park Service |url=http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/indimoun.htm |access-date=December 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118001409/http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/indimoun.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> From the early 17th century to 1837, the [[Mdewakanton|Mdewakanton Dakota]], a band of the [[Dakota people]], lived near the mounds at the village of [[Kaposia]] and consider the area encompassing present-day Saint Paul [[Bdóte]], the site of creation for their people.<ref name= "Trimble" /><ref name="DakotaLife">{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.bloomington.mn.us/main_top/2_facilities/rec_facility/pond/signs/dakota_life/dakota_life.htm |title=Dakota Life |first=Mark |last= Morrison |publisher=City of Bloomington |year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501122521/http://www.ci.bloomington.mn.us/main_top/2_facilities/rec_facility/pond/signs/dakota_life/dakota_life.htm |archive-date=May 1, 2008}}</ref> The Dakota called the area {{lang|dak|Imniza-Ska}} ('white cliffs') for its exposed white sandstone cliffs on the river's eastern side.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/adakotaenglishd00rigggoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/adakotaenglishd00rigggoog/page/n211 197] |quote=imniza ska. |title= A Dakota-English Dictionary |author1=Stephen Return Riggs |author2=James Owen Dorsey |publisher=University of Michigan |year=1892 |access-date=July 30, 2008}}</ref><ref name="NPS">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/lambland.htm |title=Lambert's Landing |publisher=National Park Services |date= February 16, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230607102232/https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/lambland.htm|archive-date=7 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Imniza-Ska were full of caves that were useful to the Dakota. The explorer [[Jonathan Carver]] documented the historic Wakan Tipi in the bluff below the burial mounds in 1767. In the [[Menominee language]] Saint Paul was called {{lang|mez|Sāēnepān-Menīkān}}, which means 'ribbon, silk or satin village', suggesting its role in trade throughout the region after the introduction of European goods.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www4.uwsp.edu/museum/menomineeClans/places/chart.aspx |title=Menominee Place Names in Wisconsin |last=Hoffman |first=Mike |website=The Menominee Clans Story |access-date=October 6, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112532/https://www4.uwsp.edu/museum/menomineeClans/places/chart.aspx |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the 1803 [[Louisiana Purchase]], U.S. Army Lieutenant [[Zebulon Pike]] negotiated approximately {{convert|100000|acre|ha sqmi}} of land from the indigenous Dakota in 1805 to establish a fort. A military reservation was intended for the confluence of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and [[Minnesota River|Minnesota river]]s on both sides of the Mississippi up to [[Saint Anthony Falls]]. All of what is now the Highland Park neighborhood was included in this. Pike planned a second military reservation at the confluence of the [[St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)|St. Croix]] and Mississippi rivers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesotahistorycenter.org/exhibits/territory/territory/treaty/treaty4.html |title=The Treaty Story |publisher=Minnesota History Center |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105010630/http://www.minnesotahistorycenter.org/exhibits/territory/territory/treaty/treaty4.html |archive-date=January 5, 2009}}</ref> In 1819, [[Fort Snelling]] was built at the Minnesota and Mississippi confluence. The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all tribal lands east of the Mississippi to the U.S. government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0493.htm |title=Treaty with the Sioux, 1837 |date=September 29, 1837 |website=Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties |publisher=Oklahoma State University Library |access-date=July 15, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201174618/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/sio0493.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2008}}</ref> [[Taoyateduta|Chief Little Crow III]] moved his village, [[Kaposia]], from south of Mounds Park across the river a few miles onto Dakota land.<ref>1983 Survey Dist 1.pdf - Historic Saint Paul, Historic Saint Paul website, 400 Landmark Center, 75 West 5th Street, Saint Paul, MN [https://www.historicsaintpaul.org/sites/default/files/1983%20Survey%20Dist%201.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235806/https://www.historicsaintpaul.org/sites/default/files/1983%20Survey%20Dist%201.pdf|date=November 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Kappler |editor-first=Charles J. |title=Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties |volume=II (Treaties, 1778–1883) |url=https://library.okstate.edu/search-and-find/collections/digital-collections/indian-affairs-laws-and-treaties/ |year=1904 |publisher=Government Printing Office |via=Oklahoma State University Library}} and {{cite web |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0493.htm#mn1 |title=Treaty with the Sioux |date=September 29, 1837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201174618/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/sio0493.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2008}} and {{cite web |title=Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0588.htm |date=July 23, 1851 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616144255/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0588.htm |archive-date=June 16, 2008}} and {{cite web |title=Treaty With the Sioux—Mdewakanton and Wapahkoota Bands |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0591.htm |date=August 5, 1851 |access-date=June 26, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711133037/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0591.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2007}}</ref> Fur traders, explorers, and settlers came to the area for the fort's security. Many were [[French-Canadians]] who predated American pioneers by some time. A whiskey trade flourished among the squatters and the fort's commander evicted them all from the fort's reservation. Fur trader turned bootlegger [[Pierre Parrant|"Pig's Eye" Parrant]], who set up business just outside the reservation, particularly irritated the commander.<ref name="StP_PE_Schaper">{{cite book |last1=Schaper |first1=Julie |last2=Horwitz |first2=Steven |title=Twin Cities Noir |publisher=Akashic Books |year=2006 |location=New York, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/twincitiesnoir0000scha/page/16 16] |url=https://archive.org/details/twincitiesnoir0000scha |url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-888451-97-9 |access-date=July 28, 2008}}</ref><ref name="NPS" /> By the early 1840s, a community had developed nearby that locals called "Pig's Eye" ({{langx|fr|L'Œil du Cochon}}) or "Pig's Eye Landing" after Parrant's popular tavern.<ref name="StP_PE_Schaper" /> In 1842, a raiding party of Ojibwe attacked the Kaposia encampment south of Saint Paul. A battle ensued where a creek drained into wetlands two miles south of Wakan Tipi.<ref>Carver's Cave- Subterranean Twin Cities, Ramsey County History, G.A. Brick, p.17 [http://www.gregbrick.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Carvers_Cave_RCH_Spr_09.10462411.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128191922/http://www.gregbrick.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Carvers_Cave_RCH_Spr_09.10462411.pdf|date=November 28, 2020}}</ref> The creek was thereafter called Battle Creek and is today parkland. In the 1840s-70s the [[Métis]] brought their oxen and [[Red River Carts]] down Kellogg Street to Lambert's landing to send [[American Bison|buffalo]] hides to market from the [[Red River of the North]]. Saint Paul was the southern terminus of the [[Red River Trails]]. In 1840, [[Pierre Bottineau]] became a prominent resident with a claim near the settlement's center.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Pierre-Bottineau/6000000025889497293 |title=Pierre Bottineau, GENi, Joe Eickhoff, July 2020 |access-date=September 4, 2020 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429043351/https://www.geni.com/people/Pierre-Bottineau/6000000025889497293 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1841, Catholic missionary [[Lucien Galtier]] was sent to minister to the French Canadians at Mendota. He had [[First Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota)|a chapel]] he named for [[Paul the Apostle|St. Paul]] built on the bluff above the riverboat landing downriver from Fort Snelling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cathedralsaintpaul.org/about/history.asp |title=Overview of the Cathedral |publisher=Cathedral of Saint Paul |year=2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806222821/http://cathedralsaintpaul.org/about/history.asp |archive-date=August 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnaatf.org/LucienGaltierPMougel.pdf |title=Catholicisme dans le Midwest Lucien Galtier et l'origine du nom de la capitale du Minnesota |first=Patricia |last=Mougel |publisher=Reflets de l'étoile du nord |volume=27 |issue=3 |date=June 2007 |language=fr |access-date=July 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909212452/http://mnaatf.org/LucienGaltierPMougel.pdf |archive-date=September 9, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Galtier informed the settlers that they were to adopt the chapel's name for the settlement and cease the use of "Pig's Eye".<ref name="StP_PE_Schaper" /> In 1847, New York educator [[Harriet Bishop]] moved to the settlement and opened the city's first school.<ref name="Gilman">{{cite book |last=Gilman |first=Rhonda R. |title=The Story of Minnesota's Past |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |year=1989 |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota |pages=99–104 |isbn=978-0-87351-267-1}}</ref> The [[Minnesota Territory]] was created in 1849 with Saint Paul as the capital. The U.S. Army made the territory's first improved road, Point Douglas Fort Ripley Military Road, in 1850. It passed through what became Saint Paul neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadsides/historic/files/iforms/RA-SPC-2928.pdf |title=MNDOT Historic Roadside Development Structures Inventory, RA-SPC-2928 |access-date=September 9, 2020 |archive-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019074027/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadsides/historic/files/iforms/RA-SPC-2928.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1857, the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to [[St. Peter, Minnesota|Saint Peter]], but [[Joe Rolette]], a territorial legislator, stole the text of the bill and went into hiding, preventing the move.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rolette, Jr., Joseph "Joe" |work=Minnesota Legislators Past & Present |publisher=Minnesota Legislature |url=http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=14571 |access-date=July 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229135501/http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.asp?ID=14571 |archive-date=December 29, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Red river ox cart and driver in St. Paul.jpg|thumb|Red river ox cart and driver in St. Paul]]
The year 1858 saw more than 1,000 steamboats service Saint Paul,<ref name="Gilman" /> making it a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier or [[Dakota Territory]]. Geography was a primary reason the city became a transportation hub. The location was the last good point to land riverboats coming upriver due to the river valley's topography. For a time, Saint Paul was called "The Last City of the East".<ref name="OAH" /> Fort Snelling was important to Saint Paul from the start. Direct access from Saint Paul did not happen until the 7th bridge was built in 1880. Before that, there was a cable ferry crossing dating to at latest the 1840s. Once streetcars appeared, a new bridge to Saint Paul was built in 1904. Until the town built its first jail the fort's brig served Saint Paul. Industrialist [[James J. Hill]] founded his railroad empire in Saint Paul. The [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]] and the [[Northern Pacific Railway]] were both headquartered in Saint Paul until they merged with the [[Burlington Northern]]. Today they are part of the BNSF Railway.<ref name="OAH">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2007feb/wingerd.html |title=Separated at Birth: The Sibling Rivalry of Minneapolis and St. Paul |access-date=November 19, 2007 |publisher=Organization of American Historians |first=Mary Lethert |last=Wingerd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707020313/http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2007feb/wingerd.html |archive-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref>

On August 20, 1904, severe [[thunderstorm]]s and [[tornado]]es damaged hundreds of downtown buildings, causing $1.78 million (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1.78|1904|r=2}}}} million today) in damages and ripping spans from the [[High Bridge (St. Paul)|High Bridge]].<ref name="gendisasters">{{cite web |title=St. Paul, Minneapolis and other cities in Minnesota suffer from gale. |publisher=GenDisasters.com |url=http://www.gendisasters.com/data1/mn/tornadoes/stpaul-minneapolis-tornado-aug1904.htm |access-date=March 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022194814/http://gendisasters.com/data1/mn/tornadoes/stpaul-minneapolis-tornado-aug1904.htm |archive-date=October 22, 2007}}</ref> During the 1960s, in conjunction with [[urban renewal]], Saint Paul razed neighborhoods west of downtown for the creation of the interstate freeway system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/112rondo.html |title=Rondo Neighborhood & the Building of I-94 |year=2008 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |access-date=July 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204100958/http://www.mnhs.org/library/tips/history_topics/112rondo.html |archive-date=February 4, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1959 to 1961, the [[Rondo neighborhood]] was demolished for the construction of [[Interstate 94 in Minnesota|Interstate 94]]. The loss of that [[African American]] enclave brought attention to [[racial segregation]] and unequal housing in northern cities.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Effects of a Freeway Displacement on Racial Housing Segregation in a Northern City |first=F. James |last=Davis |jstor=273848 |pages=209–215 |volume=26 |issue=3 |journal=Phylon |year=1965 |doi=10.2307/273848}}</ref> The annual [[Rondo Days]] celebration commemorates the African American community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rondoaveinc.org/history.html |title=Rondo Days official site |publisher=Rondo Avenue Inc. |access-date=August 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501191637/http://www.rondoaveinc.org/history.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=May 1, 2008}}</ref>

Downtown Saint Paul had skyscraper-building booms beginning in the 1970s. Because the city center is directly beneath the flight path into the airport across the river there is a height restriction for all construction. The tallest buildings, such as [[Galtier Plaza]] (Jackson and Sibley Towers), The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums, and the city's tallest building, [[Wells Fargo Place]] (formerly Minnesota World Trade Center), were constructed in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/?id=102508 |title=Tallest skyscrapers of Saint Paul |publisher=Emporis |year=2008 |access-date=August 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518162025/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/?id=102508 |archive-date=May 18, 2007 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> In the 1990s and 2000s, the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued. As of 2004, nearly 10% of the city's population were recent [[Hmong people|Hmong]] immigrants from [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]], and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hmong Refugee Resettlement |publisher=Minnesota Council of Non-Profits |url=http://www.mncn.org/hmongbriefing.htm |access-date=March 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202073035/http://www.mncn.org/hmongbriefing.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=February 2, 2008}}</ref> Saint Paul is the location of the [[Hmong Archives]].<ref name="ht">{{cite news |last=Moua |first=Teng |title=Hmong Archives Reaches a Milestone |url=http://www.hmongtoday.com/page11501913.aspx |access-date=December 18, 2010 |newspaper=Hmong Today |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515131920/http://www.hmongtoday.com/page11501913.aspx |archive-date=May 15, 2011}}</ref>