Editing Saint Nicholas (section)

== Biographical sources ==
Very little is known about Saint Nicholas's historical life.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|pages=vii–x}}{{sfn|Seal|2005|pages=14–15}} Any writings Nicholas himself may have produced have been lost and he is not mentioned by any contemporary chroniclers.{{sfn|Seal|2005|page=14}} This is not surprising,{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|pages=vii–viii}} since Nicholas lived during [[History of the Roman Empire#284–301: Diocletian and the Tetrarchy|a turbulent time in Roman history]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|pages=vii–viii}} The earliest mentions of Saint Nicholas indicate that, by the sixth century, his following was already well-established.{{sfn|Blacker|Burgess|Ogden|2013|page=250}} Less than two hundred years after Saint Nicholas's probable death, the Eastern Roman Emperor [[Theodosius II]] (ruled 401–450) ordered the building of the [[St. Nicholas Church, Demre|Church of Saint Nicholas in Myra]], which thereby preserves an early mention of his name.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|page=ix}} The Byzantine historian [[Procopius]] also mentions that the Emperor [[Justinian I]] (ruled 527–565) renovated churches in [[Constantinople]] dedicated to Saint Nicholas and [[Priscus (saint)|Saint Priscus]],{{sfn|Blacker|Burgess|Ogden|2013|page=251}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|page=ix}} which may have originally been built as early as {{circa}} 490.{{sfn|Blacker|Burgess|Ogden|2013|page=251}}

Nicholas's name also occurs as "Nicholas of Myra of Lycia" on the tenth line of a list of attendees at the Council of Nicaea included by Theodore Lector in the ''[[Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome]]'', written sometime between 510 and 515.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|page=ix}}{{sfn|Blacker|Burgess|Ogden|2013|page=250}} A single, offhand mention of Nicholas of Myra also occurs in the biography of another saint, Saint [[Nicholas of Sion]], who apparently took the name "Nicholas" to honor him.{{sfn|Seal|2005|pages=14–15}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|page=x}} ''The Life of Saint Nicholas of Sion'', written around 250 years after Nicholas of Myra's death, briefly mentions Nicholas of Sion visiting Nicholas's tomb to pay homage to him.{{sfn|Seal|2005|pages=14–15}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|page=x}}{{sfn|Blacker|Burgess|Ogden|2013|page=250}} According to Jeremy Seal, the fact that Nicholas had a tomb that could be visited serves as the almost solitary definitive proof that he was a real historical figure.{{sfn|Seal|2005|page=15}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|page=x}}

In his treatise ''De statu animarum post mortem'' (written {{circa}} 583), the theologian [[Eustratius of Constantinople]] cites Saint Nicholas of Myra's miracle of the three generals as evidence that souls may work independent from the body.{{sfn|Blacker|Burgess|Ogden|2013|page=251}} Eustratius credits a [[Lost literary work|lost]] ''Life of Saint Nicholas'' as his source. Nearly all the sources Eustratius references date from the late fourth century to early fifth century, indicating the ''Life of Saint Nicholas'' to which he refers was probably written during this time period, shortly after Nicholas's death.{{sfn|Blacker|Burgess|Ogden|2013|page=251}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cioffari |first=Gerardo |date=1987 |title=San Nicola nelle fonti letterarie dal V all'VIII secolo |journal=San Nicola: Splendori d'arte d'Oriente e d'Occidente S. Nicola nella critica storia |pages=44–45}}</ref> The earliest complete account of Nicholas's life that has survived to the present is a ''Life of Saint Nicholas'', written in the early ninth century by [[Michael the Archimandrite]] (814–842), nearly 500 years after Nicholas's probable death.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|page=xi}}

Despite its extremely late date, Michael the Archimandrite's ''Life of Saint Nicholas'' is believed to heavily rely on older written sources and oral traditions.<ref>Introduction to [http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/ Michael the Archimandrite's ''Life of Saint Nicholas''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051940/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/ |date=3 July 2018 }}</ref>{{sfn|Lendering|2006|page=Nicholas of Myra}} The identity and reliability of these sources, however, remains uncertain.{{sfn|Lendering|2006|page=Nicholas of Myra}} Catholic historian D. L. Cann and [[Medieval studies|medievalist]] [[Charles W. Jones (medievalist)|Charles W. Jones]] both consider Michael the Archimandrite's ''Life'' the only account of Saint Nicholas that is likely to contain any historical truth.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|page=xi}} [[Jona Lendering]], a Dutch historian of classical antiquity, notes that Michael the Archimandrite's ''Life'' does not contain a "[[conversion narrative]]", which was unusual for saints' lives of the period when it was written. He therefore argues that it is possible Michael the Archimandrite may have been relying on a source written before conversion narratives became popular, which would be a positive indication of that source's reliability.{{sfn|Lendering|2006|page=Nicholas of Myra}} He notes that many of the stories recounted by Michael the Archimandrite closely resemble stories told about the first-century AD [[Neopythagoreanism|Neopythagorean]] philosopher [[Apollonius of Tyana]] in the ''[[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]]'', an eight-volume biography of him written in the early third century by the Greek writer [[Philostratus]]. It was not unusual for Christian saints to adapt older stories of pagan cults. As Apollonius's hometown of [[Tyana]] was not far from Myra, Lendering contends that many popular stories about Apollonius may have become attached to Saint Nicholas.{{sfn|Lendering|2006|page=Nicholas of Myra}}