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==Development== ===Origins=== In the late 1970s, Sweden sought to replace its aging [[Saab 35 Draken]] and [[Saab 37 Viggen]].{{Sfn|Frawley|2002|p= 147}} The [[Swedish Air Force]] required an affordable Mach 2 aircraft with good short-field performance for a defensive dispersed basing plan in the event of invasion; the plan included 800 m long by 17 m wide rudimentary runways that were part of the [[Bas 90]] system.<ref>{{cite web |trans-title= Swedish military flight bases |url= https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/siteassets/5-information-och-fakta/historia/vagbaserna/fortv-2007-1.pdf |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/siteassets/5-information-och-fakta/historia/vagbaserna/fortv-2007-1.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title= Svenska militära flygbaser |last= Törnell |first=Bernt |date= 5 February 2007 |language=sv|website= Försvarsmakten}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |trans-title= Air base system 90 |language=sv|url= http://www.fht.nu/Dokument/Flygvapnet/flyg_publ_dok_flygbassystem_90.pdf |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fht.nu/Dokument/Flygvapnet/flyg_publ_dok_flygbassystem_90.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title= Flygbassystem 90 |last= Rystedt |first= Jörgen|date= 25 April 2009 |website= FHT}}</ref>{{Sfn |Altaya|2011|loc= ''Características especiais''|ps=: 'O Gripen foi concebido conforme as diretivas da força aérea sueca – a Base 90 – que previa a utilização de pistas rudimentares de 800 m de comprimento e 9 m de largura… [The Gripen was conceived according to the Base 90 Swedish Air Force directives that foresaw the use of rudimentary runways 800 m long and 9 m wide…]'}} One goal was for the aircraft to be smaller than the Viggen while equalling or improving on its payload-range characteristics.{{Sfn|Spick|2000|pp= 426–27}} Early proposals included the [[Saab 38]], also called B3LA, intended as an attack aircraft and trainer,{{Sfn|Björeman|2009|pp= 139–49}} and the [[:sv:Saab A 20|A 20]], a development of the Viggen that would have capabilities as a fighter, attack and sea reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |language= sv |place= Sweden |title= Om anslaget Flygvapenförband: Forskning och utveckling | type= government bill |year= 1977–1978 |id= 95 |trans-title= On the appropriation of Air Force Regiments: Research and development |publisher= Riksdagen |url= http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Propositioner-och-skrivelser/prop-19777895-om-anslaget-Fl_G10395/ |access-date= 30 June 2013 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194924/http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Propositioner-och-skrivelser/prop-19777895-om-anslaget-Fl_G10395/ |url-status= dead}}</ref> Several foreign designs were also studied, including the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]], the [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]],{{Sfn |Williams|2003|p= 72}} the [[Northrop F-20 Tigershark]] and the [[Dassault Mirage 2000]].{{Sfn|Green|Swanborough|1987|p= 225}} Ultimately, the Swedish government opted for a new fighter to be developed by [[Saab Group|Saab]].{{Sfn |Williams|2003|p= 72}} In 1979, the government began a study calling for a versatile platform capable of "JAS", standing for ''Jakt'' ([[Aerial warfare|air-to-air]]), ''Attack'' ([[ground attack|air-to-surface]]), and ''Spaning'' (reconnaissance), indicating a [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]], or swingrole, fighter aircraft that could fulfill multiple roles during the same mission.{{Sfn|Williams|2003|p= 72}} Several Saab designs were reviewed, the most promising being "Project 2105" (redesignated "Project 2108" and, later, "Project 2110"), recommended to the government by the [[Swedish Defence Materiel Administration|Defence Materiel Administration]] (''Försvarets Materielverk'', or FMV).{{Sfn |Williams|2003|p= 72}} In 1980, ''[[Industrigruppen JAS]]'' (''IG JAS'', "JAS Industry Group") was established as a joint venture by [[Saab Group#History|Saab-Scania]], [[LM Ericsson]], [[:sv:Svenska Radioaktiebolaget|Svenska Radioaktiebolaget]], [[Volvo Flygmotor]] and [[:sv:Försvarets Fabriksverk|Försvarets Fabriksverk]], the industrial arm of the Swedish armed forces.<ref>{{Citation |publisher= Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek |url= http://www.smb.nu/index.php/svenska-flygplan/jaktflygplan/612 |place= NU |title= JAS 39A, B 1992– |language= no |url-status= dead |access-date= 30 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131219233125/http://www.smb.nu/index.php/svenska-flygplan/jaktflygplan/612 |archive-date= 19 December 2013}}</ref> The preferred aircraft was a single-engine, lightweight single-seater, embracing [[fly-by-wire]] technology, canards, and an aerodynamically unstable design.{{Sfn|Williams|2003|p= 73}} The powerplant selected was the [[Volvo RM12|Volvo-Flygmotor RM12]], a licence-built derivative of the [[General Electric F404]]−400; engine development priorities were weight reduction and lowering component count.{{Sfn |Williams|2003|p= 73}}{{Sfn |Cross|1986|p= 27}} On 30 June 1982, with approval from the [[Riksdag]],<ref name= grip_so_far>{{cite web |url= http://www.gripen.com/en/GripenFighter/GripenStory.htm |title= Gripen: The Story So Far |work= Gripen International |publisher= Saab |access-date= 14 October 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100127182209/http://www.gripen.com/en/GripenFighter/GripenStory.htm |archive-date= 27 January 2010 |quote= Swedish Parliament approves the program for the development of a new fighter aircraft}}</ref> the FMV issued contracts worth [[Swedish krona|SEK]] 25.7 billion to Saab, covering five prototypes and an initial batch of 30 production aircraft.{{Sfn|Williams|2003|pp= 73, 88}}{{Sfn|Keijsper|2003|p= 12}} By January 1983, a Viggen was converted to a flying test aircraft for the JAS 39's intended avionics, such as the fly-by-wire controls.<ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine= [[Flight International]] |date= 2–8 January 1983 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1983/1983%20-%200048.html |title= Viggens test Gripen avionics |location= Surrey, UK |publisher= IPC Transport Press |issue= 3844 |volume= 123 |pages= 64–65 |issn= 0015-3710 |via=Flightglobal/Archive |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103061346/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1983/1983%20-%200048.html |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |access-date= 19 January 2014 |url-status= dead}}</ref> The JAS 39 received the name ''Gripen'' (griffin) via a public competition,{{Sfn|Nilsson|2012}} which is the [[heraldry]] on Saab's logo.{{#tag:ref |Griffin is the animal<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/griffin |title= Griffin |date= 25 January 2019 |publisher= Merriam-Webster |access-date= 4 March 2019 |work= Dictionary |archive-date= 16 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170416195001/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/griffin |url-status= live}}</ref> on the [[coat of arms]] of [[Östergötland]], the province where Saab AB is headquartered ([[Linköping]]).<ref>{{Citation |year= 2010 |url= http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/blazon?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=blazon&sa=Search#906 | type= definition |contribution= Blazon |publisher= Webster's |edition= online |title= Dictionary |access-date= 20 July 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101215222003/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/blazon?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=blazon&sa=Search#922 |archive-date= 15 December 2010}}</ref>|group= Nb}} ===Testing, production, and improvements=== {{External media|width=11%|float=right|video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6yVU_yYtEc Ground footage of the 1989 Gripen crash]}} Saab rolled out the first Gripen on 26 April 1987, marking the company's 50th anniversary.{{Sfn|Winchester|2004|p= 216}} Originally planned to fly in 1987,{{Sfn|Cross|1986|p= 27}} the first flight was delayed by 18 months due to issues with the flight control system. On 9 December 1988, the first prototype (serial number 39-1) took its 51-minute maiden flight with pilot Stig Holmström at the controls.{{Sfn|Williams|2003|p= 73}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine= [[Flight International]] |date= 11–17 December 1988 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203589.html |title= Gripen flies unstable |location= London, UK |publisher= Reed Business Information |page= 3 |access-date= 12 January 2013 |via= Flightglobal/Archive |issn= 0015-3710 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140112021157/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203589.html |archive-date= 12 January 2014 |url-status= dead}}</ref> During the test programme, concern surfaced about the aircraft's avionics, specifically the fly-by-wire [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]] (FCS), and the relaxed stability design. On 2 February 1989, this issue led to the crash of the prototype during an attempted landing at [[Linköping]]; the test pilot [[Lars Rådeström]] walked away with a broken elbow. The cause of the crash was identified as [[pilot-induced oscillation]], caused by problems with the FCS's pitch-control routine.{{Sfn|Williams |2003|p= 73}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |last= Gaines |first= Michael 'Mike' |magazine= [[Flight International]] |date= 19–25 March 1989 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%200734.html |title= Software fault caused Gripen crash |location= London, UK |publisher= Reed Business Information |page= 4 |access-date= 12 January 2013 |via=Flightglobal/Archive |issn= 0015-3710 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140112021205/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%200734.html |archive-date= 12 January 2014 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine= [[Flight International]] |date= 11 February 1989 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%200333.html |title= Saab/Gripen prototype crashes |location= London, UK |publisher= Reed Business Information |pages= 2–3 |via= Flightglobal/Archive |access-date= 12 December 2013 |issn= 0015-3710 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121113182620/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%200333.html |archive-date= 13 November 2012 |url-status= dead}}</ref> In response to the crash, Saab and US firm Calspan introduced software modifications to the aircraft. A modified [[Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star|Lockheed NT-33A]] was used to test these improvements, which allowed flight testing to resume 15 months after the accident. On 8 August 1993, production aircraft 39102 was destroyed in an accident at an aerial display for the [[Stockholm]] [[Stockholm Water Festival|Water Festival]]. Test pilot Lars Rådeström lost control of the aircraft during a roll at low altitude when the aircraft stalled, forcing him to eject. Saab later found the problem was high amplification of the pilot's quick and significant stick command inputs. The ensuing investigation and flaw correction further delayed test flying by several months, resuming in December 1993.{{Sfn|Williams|2003|p= 73}} The first order included an option for another 110, which was exercised in June 1992. Batch II consisted of 96 one-seat JAS 39As and 14 two-seat JAS 39Bs.{{Sfn|Keijsper|2003|pp= 12, 21}}{{Sfn|Matláry|Ø̈sterud|2007|p= 150}} The JAS 39B variant is 66 cm (26 in) longer than the JAS 39A to accommodate a second seat, which also necessitated the deletion of the cannon and a reduced internal fuel capacity.{{Sfn|Williams|2003|p=88}} By April 1994, five prototypes and two series-production Gripens had been completed; but a [[beyond-visual-range missile]] (BVR) had not yet been selected.{{Sfn|Forsberg|1994|p= 223}} A third batch was ordered in June 1997, composed of 50 upgraded single-seat JAS 39Cs and 14 JAS 39D two-seaters,{{Sfn|Williams|2003|p= 88}} known as 'Turbo Gripen', with NATO compatibility for exports.{{Sfn|Altaya|2011|loc=''Diversas versões'' 1a|ps=: "A necessidade de adaptar o Gripen às especificidades da Otan, para estimular as vendas no estrangeiro, levou ao desenvolvimento de uma nova versão chamada 'Turbo Gripen'. [The need to adapt the Gripen to the Nato specificities, to stimulate foreign sales, led to the development of a new version called 'Turbo Gripen'.]"}} Batch III aircraft, delivered between 2002 and 2008, possess more powerful and updated avionics, [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] capability via retractable probes on the aircraft's [[Port and starboard|starboard side]], and an on-board oxygen-generating system (OBOGS) for longer duration missions.<ref name= last_swaf /> In-flight refuelling was tested via a specially equipped prototype (39‐4) used in successful trials with a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Vickers VC10|VC10]] in 1998.{{Sfn|Williams|2003|p= 88}} ===Teaming agreements=== [[File:Flares (5598703900).jpg|thumb|upright|Czech Air Force Gripen C deploying defensive flares, 2011|alt=Head on view of fighter jet banking right while releasing flares against a background of green woodland]] During the 1995 [[Paris Air Show]], Saab Military Aircraft and [[British Aerospace]] (BAe, now [[BAE Systems]]) announced the formation of the joint-venture company Saab-BAe Gripen AB with the goal of adapting, manufacturing, marketing and supporting Gripen worldwide.{{Sfn|Williams|2003|p= 88}}{{Sfn|Lorell|2002|p= 147}} The deal involved the conversion of the A and B series aircraft to the "export" C and D series, which developed the Gripen for compatibility with [[NATO]] standards.{{Sfn|Eliasson|2010|p= 256}} This co-operation was extended in 2001 with the formation of Gripen International to promote export sales.{{Sfn|Lorell|2002|pp= 147–48}} In December 2004, Saab and BAE Systems announced that BAE was to sell a large portion of its stake in Saab, and that Saab would take full responsibility for marketing and export orders of the Gripen.<ref>{{Cite news |last= Reece |first=Damian |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bae-cuts-saab-stake-after-gripen-revamp-6156400.html |title= BAE cuts Saab stake after Gripen revamp |newspaper=The Independent |date=8 December 2004 |access-date= 2 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131217000028/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bae-cuts-saab-stake-after-gripen-revamp-6156400.html |archive-date= 17 December 2013}}</ref> In June 2011, Saab announced that an internal investigation revealed evidence of acts of corruption by BAE Systems, including [[money laundering]] in South Africa, one of the Gripen's customers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Page |first= Lewis |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/20/saab_sa_fighter_accusation/ |title= Saab fingers BAE over South African fighter deal |work= The Register |date= 20 June 2011 |place= United Kingdom |access-date= 17 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131106103506/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/06/20/saab_sa_fighter_accusation/ |archive-date= 6 November 2013}}</ref> On 26 April 2007, Norway signed a [[Norwegian krone|NOK]]150 million joint-development agreement with Saab to co-operate in the development programme of the Gripen, including the integration of Norwegian industries in the development of future versions of the aircraft.<ref name=nla>{{Cite press release |url= http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2007---4/gripen---agreement-in-norway/ |title= Gripen – agreement in Norway |publisher= Saab |date= 26 April 2007 |access-date= 2 November 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120329130100/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2007---4/gripen---agreement-in-norway/ |archive-date= 29 March 2012}}</ref> In June of the same year, Saab also entered an agreement with [[Thales Group|Thales Norway A/S]] concerning the development of communications systems for the Gripen fighter. This order was the first awarded under the provisions of the Letter of Agreement signed by the [[Norwegian Ministry of Defence]] and Gripen International in April 2007.<ref name=nla/> As a result of the [[United States diplomatic cables leak]] in 2010, it was revealed that US diplomats had become concerned with co-operation between Norway and Sweden on the topic of the Gripen, and had sought to exert pressure against a Norwegian purchase of the aircraft.<ref name="Norway gripen local">{{Cite news |url= http://www.thelocal.se/20101203/30584 |title= Sweden 'tricked' in failed Norway Gripen bid |newspaper= [[The Local]] |place= SE |date= 3 December 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131217012709/http://www.thelocal.se/20101203/30584 |archive-date= 17 December 2013}}</ref> In December 2007, as part of Gripen International's marketing efforts in Denmark, a deal was signed with Danish technology supplier [[Terma A/S]] that let them participate in an Industrial Co-operation programme over the next 10–15 years. The total value of the programme was estimated at over [[Danish krone|DKK]]10 billion, and was partly dependent on a procurement of the Gripen by Denmark.<ref name=dla>{{Cite press release |url= http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2007---12/gripen--a-catalyst-for-danish-industry/ |title= Gripen – A Catalyst for Danish Industry |publisher= Saab |date= 4 December 2007 |access-date= 2 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120329130140/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2007---12/gripen--a-catalyst-for-danish-industry/ |archive-date= 29 March 2012}}</ref> Subsequently, Denmark elected to procure the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. ===Controversies, scandals, and costs=== Developing an advanced multi-role fighter was a major undertaking for Sweden. The predecessor 37 Viggen had been criticized for occupying too much of Sweden's military budget and was branded "a cuckoo in the military nest" by critics as early as 1971. At the 1972 party congress of the [[Social Democratic Party (Sweden)|Socialdemokraterna]], the dominant party in Swedish politics since the 1950s, a motion was passed to stop any future projects to develop advanced military aircraft.<ref name=P3Dok>{{cite web |language=sv|publisher=[[Sveriges Radio]] |work= P3 Dokumentär | type= radio broadcast |url= http://sverigesradio.se/sida/avsnitt/91822?programid=2519 |title= JAS-projektet |trans-title= JAS project |date= 23 March 2008 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131219044311/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/avsnitt/91822?programid=2519 |archive-date= 19 December 2013}}</ref> In 1982, the Gripen<!-- to avoid confusion with the S motion forementioned --> project passed in the Riksdag by a margin of 176 for and 167 against, with the entire Social Democratic party voting against the proposal due to demands for more studies. A new bill was introduced in 1983<ref>{{cite web |language= sv |title= Regeringens proposition 1982/83:119 om riktlinjer för JAS-projektet |type= government bill |year= 1982–1983 |number= 119 |trans-title= on guidelines for the JAS project |url= http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Propositioner-och-skrivelser/prop-198283119-om-riktlinjer_G603119/ |publisher= Riksdagen |place= Sweden |access-date= 30 June 2013 |archive-date= 19 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131219220647/http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Propositioner-och-skrivelser/prop-198283119-om-riktlinjer_G603119/ |url-status= dead}}</ref> and a final approval was given in April 1983 with the condition that the project was to have a predetermined fixed-price contract,{{Sfn|Björeman|2009|pp= 137–49}} a decision that would later be criticized as unrealistic due to later cost overruns.<ref name="P3Dok" /> According to Annika Brändström, in the aftermath of the 1989 and 1993 crashes, the Gripen risked a loss of credibility and the weakening of its public image. There was public speculation that failures to address technical problems exposed in the first crash had directly contributed to the second crash, which thus had been avoidable.{{Sfn|Brändström|2003|pp= 61, 72}} Brändström observed that media elements had called for greater public accountability and explanation of the project; ill-informed media analysis had also distorted public knowledge of the Gripen.{{Sfn|Brändström|2003|pp= 57–62}} The sitting Conservative government quickly endorsed and supported the Gripen – Minister of Defense [[Anders Björck]] issued a public reassurance that the project was very positive for Sweden.{{Sfn|Brändström|2003|pp=58–62, 72–73}} In connection to the Gripen's marketing efforts to multiple countries, including South Africa, Austria, the Czech Republic and Hungary, there were reports of widespread bribery and corruption by BAE Systems and Saab.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/07/bae-chiefs-linked-bribes-conspiracy |title= BAE chiefs 'linked to bribes conspiracy' |newspaper= The Observer |place= United Kingdom |publisher= The Guardian |date= 7 February 2010 |access-date= 3 November 2013 |first1= David |last1= Leigh |first2= Rob |last2= Evans |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104220310/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/07/bae-chiefs-linked-bribes-conspiracy |archive-date= 4 November 2013}}</ref><ref name= "saab clean" /> In 2007, Swedish journalists reported that BAE had paid bribes equivalent to millions of dollars.<ref>{{Cite news |language= sv |url= http://www.svt.se/ug/slutet-pa-jas-harvan |title= Greven som sätter punkt för JAS-härvan |trans-title= Count which closes the JAS-scandal |place= SE |publisher= SVT |date= 12 March 2013 |access-date= 18 June 2013 |archive-date= 2 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170802084110/http://www.svt.se/ug/slutet-pa-jas-harvan |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13813281 |title= Call for new South African arms deal investigation |date= 17 June 2011 |access-date= 18 June 2013 |publisher= BBC |work= News |place= United Kingdom |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121223173023/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13813281 |archive-date= 23 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2011/07/31/hawks-reveal-arms-deal-bombshell |title= Hawks reveals Arms deal bombshell |place= [[South Africa|ZA]] |newspaper= The Sunday Times |date= 31 July 2011 |access-date= 18 June 2013 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103161203/http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2011/07/31/hawks-reveal-arms-deal-bombshell |archive-date= 3 November 2013}}</ref> Following criminal investigations in eight countries, only one individual in Austria, [[Alfons Mensdorf-Pouilly]], was prosecuted for bribery. The scandal tarnished the international reputation of the Gripen, BAE Systems, Saab, and Sweden.<ref name="saab clean">{{Cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-corrupt.4.5672628.html |title= Sweden's squeaky-clean image sullied by scandals |newspaper= The New York Times |date= 11 May 2007 |access-date= 12 January 2014 |first= Ivar |last= Ekman |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130702015257/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-corrupt.4.5672628.html |archive-date= 2 July 2013}}</ref> The Gripen's cost has been subject to frequent attention and speculation. In 2008, Saab announced reduced earnings for that year, partly attributing this to increased marketing costs for the aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |last1= Lindstroem |first1= Jakob |first2= Steve |last2= Rothwell |editor-last= Jasper |editor-first= Chris |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aY7i3Jy3VrDM |title= Saab Says 'Turmoil' in Swedish Budget Hurts Earnings |publisher= Bloomberg |date= 5 September 2008 |access-date= 2 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102121308/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aY7i3Jy3VrDM |archive-date= 2 November 2013}}</ref> In 2008, Saab disputed Norway's cost calculations for the Gripen NG as overestimated and in excess of real world performance with existing operators.<ref name="Norway calculations">{{cite web |last= Hoyle |first= Craig |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-launches-attack-on-norway39s-39faulty39-fighter-319967/ |title= Saab launches attack on Norway's 'faulty' fighter analysis |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |date= 10 December 2008 |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140112034652/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-launches-attack-on-norway39s-39faulty39-fighter-319967/ |archive-date= 12 January 2014}}</ref> A 2007 report by the European Union Institute for Security Studies stated the total research and development costs of Gripen were €1.84 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/occ69.pdf |series= Occasional Paper |number= 69 |title= Lessons learned from European defence equipment programmes |publisher= European Union Institute for Security Studies |date= October 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102225130/http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/occ69.pdf |archive-date= 2 November 2013}}</ref> According to a study by [[Jane's Information Group]] in 2012, the Gripen's operational cost was the lowest among several modern fighters; it was estimated at $4,700 per flight hour.<ref name="SP.com operational cost">{{cite web |last= Joshi |first= Saurabh |url= http://www.stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes |title= Gripen operational cost lowest of all western fighters: Jane's |work= Strat Post |date= 4 July 2012 |access-date= 27 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102135024/http://www.stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes |archive-date= 2 November 2013}}</ref> The Swedish Ministry of Defense estimated the cost of the full system, comprising 60 Gripen E/F, at SEK 90 billion distributed over the period 2013–42. The Swedish Armed Forces estimated that maintaining 100 C/D-model aircraft until 2042 would cost SEK 60 billion (€6.6 billion in 2013), while buying aircraft from a foreign supplier would cost SEK 110 billion (€12.1 billion).<ref>{{Cite news |language=sv|place= SE |url= http://www.gp.se/nyheter/sverige/1.1122835-forsvaret-minst-60-super-jas-behovs |title= Försvaret: Minst 60 Super-Jas behövs |trans-title= Defense: At least 60 Super-Jas needed |work= Göteborgs-Posten |date= 17 November 2012 |access-date= 17 December 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102172440/http://www.gp.se/nyheter/sverige/1.1122835-forsvaret-minst-60-super-jas-behovs |archive-date= 2 November 2013}}</ref> ==== Operational costs ==== Price of purchase is what gets most attention during the procurement process, but over the lifetime of an aircraft system the operating costs will take the larger part of the total budget. It is not uncommon that pilots and aircraft remain on the ground because the allocated funds for training have run out. Without sufficient practice, pilots cannot use the abilities of the aircraft to their full potential, which means a state of the art aircraft with poorly trained pilots can be expected to perform worse than trained pilots in slightly less capable aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stratpost.com/why-fighter-operating-costs-matter/ |title=Why fighter operating costs matter |access-date=6 April 2022 |author=Saurabh Joshi |date=12 September 2014 |work=StratPost |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531063414/https://stratpost.com/why-fighter-operating-costs-matter/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "Flygrevyn"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |+ Cost per flight hour (CPFH) |- ! Source|| Currency || JAS{{nbsp}}39 || [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] || [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Eurofighter]] || [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] || [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18{{nbsp}}E/F]] || [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Block{{nbsp}}40/50]] |- ! IHS [[Jane's]] 2012<ref>{{cite web |url= https://stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes/ |title= Gripen operational cost lowest of all western fighters: Jane's |access-date= 6 April 2022 |author= Saurabh Joshi |date= 4 July 2012 |work= StratPost |archive-date= 16 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140216090306/http://www.stratpost.com/gripen-operational-cost-lowest-of-all-western-fighters-janes |url-status= live}}</ref> | US$ | 39C: 5,800 || F-35A: 25,950 <br/>F-35B/C: 38,300 || 22,200 <br/>of which fuel 10,100 || 20,400 || 13,600 || 8,700 |- ! [[Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces|ÖB]] Micael{{nbsp}}Bydén 2014<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.svd.se/a/aae2f923-f182-3dd9-ad85-97a42056ece2/pressade-kostnader-kritiskt-for-gripen |title= Pressade kostnader kritiskt för Gripen |access-date= 6 April 2022 |author= Thomas Augustsson |date= 24 March 2014 |newspaper= Svenska Dagbladet |language= sv |quote= Det kostar oss 48 000 kronor per timme att flyga med Gripen, inklusive bränsle. Om planet inte haft så låg driftkostnad skulle flygvapnet aldrig ha råd med ett så stort system, säger Micael Bydén. |trans-quote= It costs us 48 000 SEK per hour to fly Gripen, including fuel. If the aircraft hadn't such a low operating cost, the airforce could never afford such a large fleet, Micael Bydén said |archive-date= 6 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220406152752/https://www.svd.se/a/aae2f923-f182-3dd9-ad85-97a42056ece2/pressade-kostnader-kritiskt-for-gripen |url-status= live}}</ref> | [[Swedish krona|SEK]] | 54,300 || || || || || |- ! Flygrevyn 2021<ref name="Flygrevyn">{{cite magazine |title= Höga flygtimkostnader? Inte med Gripen |url= https://www.flygrevyn.se/tidigare-nummer/flygrevyn-8-2021/ |year= 2021 |magazine= Flygrevyn |location= Stockholm |publisher= Flygrevyn Förlags AB |issue= 8 |page= 23 |language= sv |access-date= 26 April 2022 |archive-date= 16 May 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220516151900/https://www.flygrevyn.se/tidigare-nummer/flygrevyn-8-2021/ |url-status= live}}</ref> | SEK | 32,100 || 144,900 || 125,200 || 114,900 || 76,600 ||48,600 |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center |All values are compensated for inflation and given in 2022 year's currency value rounded to nearest hundreds.<br/> Note that each source has used their own calculation model and thus are not directly comparable with each other. |} ===JAS 39E/F and other developments {{anchor|Gripen NG|NG}}=== [[File:Saab JAS-39 of the Swedish Air Force undergoing inflight refuelling from a TP 84 Hercules (6803019594).jpg|thumb|Swedish Air Force Gripen C undergoing in-flight refuelling]] A two-seat aircraft, designated "Gripen Demo", was ordered in 2007 as a testbed for various upgrades.<ref>{{Cite press release |url= http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2007---6/gripen-demo--trail-blazing-the-future/ |title= Gripen Demo − Trail-blazing the future |publisher= Saab |date= 19 June 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103090849/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2007---6/gripen-demo--trail-blazing-the-future/ |archive-date= 3 November 2013}}</ref><ref name= FI_Saab_reveals_Demo>{{cite web |last= Hoyle |first=Craig |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-saab-reveals-gripen-demo-aircraft-223212/ |title= Pictures: Saab reveals Gripen Demo aircraft |work= [[FlightGlobal]] |date= 23 April 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103233856/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-saab-reveals-gripen-demo-aircraft-223212/ |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was powered by the [[General Electric F414#Variants|General Electric F414G]], a development of the [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]]'s engine.<ref name= NG_capabilities>{{cite web |last= Hoyle |first= Craig |date= 25 April 2008 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saabs-demo-aircraft-to-highlight-gripen-ng-capabilities-223299/ |title= Saab's Demo aircraft to highlight Gripen NG capabilities |work= [[FlightGlobal]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103233859/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saabs-demo-aircraft-to-highlight-gripen-ng-capabilities-223299/ |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Gripen NG's maximum takeoff weight was increased from 14,000 to 16,000 kg (30,900–35,300 lb), internal fuel capacity was increased by 40 per cent by relocating the undercarriage, which also allowed for two additional [[hardpoint]]s be added on the fuselage underside. Its combat radius was {{Convert|1,300|km}} when carrying 6 AAMs (4 RR + 2 IR) and external tank.<ref name= FI_Saab_reveals_Demo /><ref name=gripenNGforRNLAF2008Aug>{{cite web |url= http://www.jsfnieuws.nl/wp-content/NLGRIPENPRESSBRIEFAug08.pdf |title= Gripen NG for the RNLAF |place= Netherlands |newspaper= JSF nieuws |date= August 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103202954/http://www.jsfnieuws.nl/wp-content/NLGRIPENPRESSBRIEFAug08.pdf |archive-date= 3 November 2013}}</ref> The [[PS-05/A]] radar is replaced by the new Raven ES-05<ref>{{Citation |title= Raven |publisher= Selex ES |url= http://www.selex-es.com/-/raven-1 |access-date= 8 June 2015 |archive-date= 18 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150318140433/http://www.selex-es.com/-/raven-1 |url-status= live}}</ref> [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar, which is based on the Vixen AESA radar family from [[Selex ES]] (since 2016 Finmeccanica, then [[Leonardo S.p.A.]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last= Schaerlaeckens |first= Leander |url= http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/04/16/Gripen-NG-to-carry-new-Finmeccanica-Selex-radar/UPI-74931239892716/ |title= Gripen NG to carry new Finmeccanica-Selex radar |work= United Press International |date= 16 April 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104082426/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/04/16/Gripen-NG-to-carry-new-Finmeccanica-Selex-radar/UPI-74931239892716/ |archive-date= 4 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="flight radar">{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Stephen |date= 7 July 2012 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-saab-gripen-features-new-aesa-radar-373868/ |place= Farnborough |title= Saab Gripen features new AESA radar |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103061610/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-saab-gripen-features-new-aesa-radar-373868/ |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Gripen Demo's [[maiden flight]] was conducted on 27 May 2008.<ref name= gripen_demo>{{Cite press release |url= http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2008---5/saabs-maiden-flight-with-gripen-demo/ |title= Saab's maiden flight with Gripen Demo |publisher= Saab |date= 27 May 2007 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103090927/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2008---5/saabs-maiden-flight-with-gripen-demo/ |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |access-date= 21 July 2011}}</ref> On 21 January 2009, the Gripen Demo flew at Mach 1.2+ at 28,000 ft (8,540 m) without reheat to test its [[supercruise]] capability.<ref>{{cite web |last= Hoyle |first=Craig |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-celebrates-supercruise-test-success-for-gripen-321428/ |title= Saab celebrates 'supercruise' test success for Gripen Demo |work= [[FlightGlobal]] |date= 22 January 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103232829/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-celebrates-supercruise-test-success-for-gripen-321428/ |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Gripen Demo served as a basis for the Gripen E/F, also referred to as the Gripen NG (Next Generation) and MS (Mission System) 21.<ref name= AW_Sweetman1>{{cite web |last= Sweetman |first= William 'Bill' |date= 14 June 2010 |url= http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post:34903d28-5d5a-4d03-99cc-6c12038c0ab4 |title= New Gripen Firms Up |work= Aviation Week |publisher= Penton Media |location= New York |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140112030210/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post:34903d28-5d5a-4d03-99cc-6c12038c0ab4 |archive-date= 12 January 2014 |issn= 0005-2175}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title= Sweden will buy new Gripen |url= http://www.dailyairforce.com/175/sweden-will-buy-new-gripen/ |newspaper= Daily Air Force |quote= …a common configuration known as Materiel Standard (MS)… |access-date= 8 June 2015 |archive-date= 6 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091744/http://www.dailyairforce.com/175/sweden-will-buy-new-gripen/ |url-status= usurped}}</ref> Saab studied a variant of the Gripen capable of operating from aircraft carriers in the 1990s. In 2009, it launched the Sea Gripen project in response to India's [[request for information]] on a [[carrier-based aircraft]]. Brazil may also require new carrier aircraft.<ref name= naval_Gripen /><ref name= DID_BRAZIL>{{Cite news |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/brazil-embarking-upon-f-x2-fighter-program-04179/ |title= F-X2: Brazil Picks Saab's JAS-39 Gripen-NG over Rafale, Super Hornet |date= 13 July 2014 |work= Defense Industry Daily |orig-year= 7 April 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140111132446/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/brazil-embarking-upon-f-x2-fighter-program-04179/ |archive-date= 11 January 2014}}</ref> Following a meeting with [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) officials in May 2011, Saab agreed to establish a development center in the UK to expand on the Sea Gripen concept.<ref name= sea_gripen_1411>{{cite web |last= Hoyle |first=Craig |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-to-complete-sea-gripen-design-work-in-uk-357137/ |title= Saab to complete Sea Gripen design work in UK |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |date= 14 May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104012000/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-to-complete-sea-gripen-design-work-in-uk-357137/ |archive-date= 4 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, Saab's Lennart Sindahl stated that development of an optionally manned Gripen E capable of flying unmanned operations was being explored by the firm; further development of optionally manned and carrier versions would require customer commitment.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Pocock |first1=Chris |first2= David |last2= Donald |url= http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/paris-air-show/2013-06-19/defense-primes-discuss-fighter-updates-paris-2013 |title= Defense Primes Discuss Fighter Updates at Paris 2013 |work= AIN Online |date= 19 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131217063152/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/paris-air-show/2013-06-19/defense-primes-discuss-fighter-updates-paris-2013 |archive-date= 17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="UAV">{{cite web |title= Sweden: Saab mulls development of Gripen UCAV |url= http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7092:sweden-saab-mulls-development-of-gripen-ucav&catid=1:europe&Itemid=57 |work= Defense Market Intelligence |date= 21 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131217071107/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7092:sweden-saab-mulls-development-of-gripen-ucav&catid=1:europe&Itemid=57 |archive-date= 17 December 2013}}</ref> On 6 November 2014, the Brazilian Navy expressed interest in a carrier-based Gripen.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/158748/brazilian-navy-sees-possible-sea-gripen.html |title= FAB Signs Acquisition Agreement for Gripen NG Which Will Benefit the Navy of Brazil |date= 6 November 2014 |website= Defense-aerospace |publisher= Brazilian navy |access-date= 12 November 2014 |archive-date= 7 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142228/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/158748/brazilian-navy-sees-possible-sea-gripen.html |url-status= dead}}</ref> In 2010, Sweden awarded Saab a four-year contract to improve the Gripen's radar and other equipment, integrate new weapons, and lower its operating costs.<ref>{{cite web |last= Hoyle |first= Craig |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sweden-funds-new-weapons-radar-boost-for-saab-gripen-339526/ |title= Sweden funds new weapons, radar boost for Saab Gripen |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |date= 16 March 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103233623/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sweden-funds-new-weapons-radar-boost-for-saab-gripen-339526/ |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2010, Saab stated that Sweden planned to order the Gripen NG, designated JAS 39E/F, and was to enter service in 2017 or earlier dependent on export orders.<ref name= AW_Sweetman1 /> On 25 August 2012, following Switzerland's intention to buy 22 of the E/F variants, Sweden announced it planned to buy 40–60 Gripen E/Fs.<ref name= DID>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/switzerland-replacing-its-f-5s-04624/ |title= Switzerland Replacing Old F-5 Fighters with New Gripen |work= Defense Industry Daily |date= 12 September 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170231/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/switzerland-replacing-its-f-5s-04624/ |archive-date= 3 November 2013}}</ref> On 17 January 2013, the Swedish government decided to purchase 60 Gripen Es.<ref name="e order">{{cite web |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |date=17 January 2013 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/swedish-government-approves-60-aircraft-gripen-e-programme-381184/ |title=Swedish government approves 60-aircraft Gripen E programme |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103062834/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/swedish-government-approves-60-aircraft-gripen-e-programme-381184/ |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |publisher= Reuters |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/saab-idUSL6N0AM3BG20130117 |date= 17 January 2013 |title= Swedish government OKs purchase of 60 Saab Gripen jets |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104014223/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/17/saab-idUSL6N0AM3BG20130117 |archive-date= 4 November 2013}}</ref> Subsequent to a national referendum in 2014 Switzerland decided not to procure replacement fighters and postponed their procurement process. In July 2013, assembly began on the first pre-production Gripen E.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-07-12/gripen-fires-production-meteor-gripen-e-assembly-begins |title= Gripen Fires Production Meteor; Gripen E Assembly Begins |last= Donald |first= David |publisher= AIN online |date= 12 July 2013 |access-date= 3 April 2014 |archive-date= 5 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140905120603/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-07-12/gripen-fires-production-meteor-gripen-e-assembly-begins |url-status= dead}}</ref> Originally 60 JAS 39Cs were to be retrofitted as JAS 39Es by 2023,<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher= Saab |url= http://www.saabgroup.com/en/About-Saab/Newsroom/Press-releases--News/2013---12/Saab-far-serieproduktionsbestallning-pa-Gripen-E-for-Sverige/ |title= Saab får serieproduktionsbeställning på Gripen E för Sverige |date= 18 December 2013 |language=sv|trans-title= Saab receives order for series production Gripen E for Sweden |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131226222454/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/About-Saab/Newsroom/Press-releases--News/2013---12/Saab-far-serieproduktionsbestallning-pa-Gripen-E-for-Sverige/ |archive-date= 26 December 2013 |access-date= 26 December 2013}}</ref> but this was revised to Gripen Es having new-built airframes and some reused parts from JAS 39Cs.<ref>{{cite news |first= Monica |last= Kleja |title= Nya Gripen utmanar ryska stridsflygplanen |url= http://www.nyteknik.se/fordon/nya-gripen-utmanar-ryska-stridsflygplanen-6574644 |date= 17 May 2016 |work= Ny Teknik |language= sv |access-date= 23 May 2016 |archive-date= 24 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170124040239/http://www.nyteknik.se/fordon/nya-gripen-utmanar-ryska-stridsflygplanen-6574644 |url-status= live}}</ref> In March 2014, Saab revealed the detailed design and indicated plans to receive military type certification in 2018.<ref name= "Hoyle 2014‐03‐13">{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-reveals-full-gripen-e-design-cost-savings-396977/ |title= Saab reveals full Gripen E design, cost savings |last= Hoyle |first= Craig |date= 13 March 2014 |work= FlightGlobal |access-date= 13 March 2014 |archive-date= 13 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170313200034/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saab-reveals-full-gripen-e-design-cost-savings-396977/ |url-status= live}}</ref> The first Gripen E was rolled out on 18 May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |work= Thai military & Asia region |date= 18 May 2016 |publisher= Word press |url= https://thaimilitaryandasianregion.wordpress.com/2016/05/18/pictures-saab-rolls-out-first-gripen-e-fighter/ |title= Saab rolls out first Gripen E fighter – with video |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180813072613/https://thaimilitaryandasianregion.wordpress.com/2016/05/18/pictures-saab-rolls-out-first-gripen-e-fighter/ |archive-date= 13 August 2018 |url-status= dead}}</ref> Saab delayed the first flight from 2016 to 2017 to focus on civilian-grade software certification;<ref>{{cite web |last= Hoyle |first= Craig |title= Gripen E flight slips into 2017 as Saab puts software first |work= FlightGlobal |date= 24 November 2016 |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/gripen-e-flight-slips-into-2017-as-saab-puts-softwar-431790/ |place= London |access-date= 8 January 2024 |archive-date= 18 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052211/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/gripen-e-flight-slips-into-2017-as-saab-puts-softwar-431790/ |url-status= live}}</ref> high speed taxi tests began in December 2016.<ref>{{Citation |title= Gripen E programme: taxi tests |publisher= Saab | type= video |work= YouTube |url= https://m.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=QrDdawFwpMY |date= 14 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title= Saab begins taxi tests of first Gripen E Fighter |work= Defense Aerospace |via= FMV |date= 21 December 2016 |url= http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/179800/saab-begins-taxi-tests-of-first-gripen-e-fighter.html |access-date= 11 February 2020 |archive-date= 25 February 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220225194720/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/179800/saab-begins-taxi-tests-of-first-gripen-e-fighter.html |url-status= dead}}</ref> In September 2015, Saab Aeronautics head Lennart Sindahl stated that an [[electronic warfare|Electronic Warfare]] version of the [[#Variants|Gripen F]] two-seater could be developed.{{Sfn|Mader|2015 |ps=: 'One of the ideas, once we have that F-model […] is that the future market will need a dedicated electronic-attack version…'}} On 15 June 2017, Saab completed the Gripen E's first flight.<ref>{{cite news |last= Hoyle |first= Craig |place= London |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-saabs-gripen-e-makes-flight-debut-438259/ |title= Saab's Gripen E makes flight debut |publisher= Reed Business Information |work= FlightGlobal |date= 15 June 2017 |access-date= 15 June 2017 |archive-date= 15 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170615182351/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-saabs-gripen-e-makes-flight-debut-438259/ |url-status= live}}</ref> By May 2018, the Gripen E had attained supersonic flight and was to commence load tests.<ref>{{cite web |title= Gripen E ready for weapons carriage trials |work= FlightGlobal |place= London |last= Hoyle |first= Craig |date= 17 May 2018 |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/gripen-e-ready-for-weapons-carriage-trials-448691/}}</ref> On 24 November 2021, Saab announced that the first six Gripen Es were ready to be delivered to the Swedish and Brazilian air forces. The flight test programme with pre-production Gripen Es continued even after initial deliveries to both the Swedish and Brazilian Air Forces.<ref name= "gripen_e_serial_delivery">{{cite web |url= https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/saab-begins-serial-gripen-e-deliveries-brazil-sweden/ |title= Saab Begins Serial Gripen E Deliveries to Brazil, Sweden |date= 24 November 2021 |website= Aviation Week |publisher= Informa PLC |access-date= 7 December 2021 |archive-date= 7 December 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211207213757/https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/saab-begins-serial-gripen-e-deliveries-brazil-sweden |url-status= live}}</ref>
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