Editing Rye (section)

== Origins ==

[[File:Wild rye.jpg|thumb|left|Wild rye]]

The rye genus ''[[Secale]]'' is in the [[grass]] tribe [[Triticeae]], which contains other [[cereal]]s such as [[barley]] (''Hordeum'') and [[wheat]] (''Triticum'').<ref name="Soreng-2017">{{cite journal | last1=Soreng | first1=Robert J. | last2=Peterson | first2=Paul M. | last3=Romaschenko | first3=Konstantin | last4=Davidse | first4=Gerrit | last5=Teisher | first5=Jordan K. | last6=Clark | first6=Lynn G. | last7=Barberá | first7=Patricia | last8=Gillespie | first8=Lynn J. | last9=Zuloaga | first9=Fernando O. |display-authors=3 | title=A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications | journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution | volume=55 | issue=4 | date=2017 | issn=1674-4918 | doi=10.1111/jse.12262 | pages=259–290| hdl=10261/240149 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The generic name ''Secale'', related to Italian {{lang|it|segale}} and French {{lang|fr|seigle}} meaning "rye", is of unknown origin but may derive from a Balkan language.<ref>{{cite dictionary |last1=Walde |first1=Alois |last2=Hofmann |first2=Johann Baptist |year=1954 |chapter=secale |title=Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch |language=German |trans-title=Latin Etymology Dictionary |edition=3rd |volume=2 |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Carl Winter |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/walde/page/n1411/mode/2up?view=theater |page=504}}</ref> The English name rye derives from Old English {{lang|ang|ryge}}, related to Dutch {{lang|nl|rogge}}, German {{lang|de|Roggen}}, and Russian {{lang|ru|рожь}} {{Transliteration|ru|rožʹ}}, again all with the same meaning.<ref>{{cite web |title=rye (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/rye |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref>

Rye is one of several [[crop wild relative|cereals that grow wild]] in the [[Levant]], central and eastern [[Turkey]] and adjacent areas. Evidence uncovered at the [[Epipalaeolithic]] site of [[Tell Abu Hureyra]] in the [[Euphrates]] valley of northern [[Syria]] suggests that rye was among the first cereal crops to be systematically cultivated, around 13,000 years ago.<ref name="Hillman-2001">{{cite journal |last1=Hillman |first1=Gordon |last2=Hedges |first2=Robert |last3=Moore |first3=Andrew |last4=Colledge |first4=Susan |last5=Pettitt |first5=Paul |date=2001 |title=New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200033056 |url-status=live |journal= [[The Holocene]] |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=383–393 |bibcode=2001Holoc..11..383H |doi=10.1191/095968301678302823 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120221734/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200033056_New_evidence_of_Late_Glacial_cereal_cultivation_at_Abu_Hureyra_on_the_Euphrates |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=July 12, 2016 |s2cid=84930632}}</ref> However, that claim remains controversial; critics point to inconsistencies in the [[radiocarbon]] dates, and identifications based solely on grain, rather than on [[chaff]].<ref name="Colledge-2010">{{cite journal |last1=Colledge |first1=Sue |last2=Conolly |first2=James |date=2010 |title=Reassessing the evidence for the cultivation of wild crops during the Younger Dryas at Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria |journal= [[Environmental Archaeology]] |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=124–138 |doi=10.1179/146141010X12640787648504 |bibcode=2010EnvAr..15..124C |s2cid=129087203}}</ref>

Domesticated rye occurs in small quantities at a number of [[Neolithic]] sites in Asia Minor ([[Anatolia]], now Turkey), such as the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] Can Hasan III near [[Çatalhöyük]],<ref name="Hillman-1978">{{cite journal |last1=Hillman |first1=Gordon |date=1978 |title=On the Origins of Domestic rye: Secale Cereale: The Finds from Aceramic Can Hasan III in Turkey |journal= [[Anatolian Studies]] |volume=28 |pages=157–174 |doi=10.2307/3642748 |jstor=3642748 |s2cid=85225244}}{{Subscription}}</ref><ref name="Sidhu-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Sidhu |first1=Jagdeep |last2=Ramakrishnan |first2=Sai Mukund |last3=Shaukat |first3=Ali |last4=Amy |first4=Bernado |last5=Bai |first5=Guihua |last6=Sidrat |first6=Abdullah |last7=Ayana |first7=Girma |last8=Sehgal |first8=Sunish |date=2019 |title=Assessing the genetic diversity and characterizing genomic regions conferring Tan Spot resistance in cultivated rye |journal= [[PLOS ONE]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=e0214519 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1414519S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0214519 |pmc=6438500 |pmid=30921415 |doi-access=free}}</ref> but is otherwise absent from the archaeological record until the [[Bronze Age]] of central Europe, c. 1800–1500 BCE.<ref name="Zohary-2012">{{cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |last2=Hopf |first2=Maria |last3=Weiss |first3=Ehud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHSYoqY-AwC&pg=PA62 |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |date=2012 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-954906-1 |location=Oxford |page=62 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

It is likely that rye was brought westwards from Asia Minor as a [[secondary crop]], meaning that it was a minor admixture in wheat as a result of [[Vavilovian mimicry]], and was only later cultivated in its own right.<ref name="McElroy-2014">{{cite journal |last=McElroy |first=J. Scott |year=2014 |title=Vavilovian Mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and His Little-Known Impact on Weed Science |journal= [[Weed Science]] |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=207–216 |doi=10.1614/ws-d-13-00122.1 |s2cid=86549764|doi-access=free}}</ref> Archeological evidence of this grain has been found in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] contexts along the [[Rhine]] and the [[Danube]] and in Ireland and Britain.<ref name="Gyulai-2014">{{cite journal |last1=Gyulai |first1=Ferenc |date=2014 |title=Archaeobotanical overview of rye (''Secale Cereale'' L.) in the Carpathian-basin I. from the beginning until the Roman age |url=http://docplayer.net/3685335-Archaeobotanical-overview-of-rye-secale-cereale-l-in-the-carpathian-basin-i-from-the-beginning-until-the-roman-age.html |url-status=live |journal= Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=25–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231225120/http://docplayer.net/3685335-Archaeobotanical-overview-of-rye-secale-cereale-l-in-the-carpathian-basin-i-from-the-beginning-until-the-roman-age.html |archive-date=December 31, 2019 |access-date=July 14, 2016}} page 26.</ref> The Roman naturalist [[Pliny the Elder]] was dismissive of a grain that may have been rye, writing that it "is a very poor food and only serves to avert starvation".<ref name="Evans-1981">{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=L. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11 |title=Wheat Science: Today and Tomorrow |last2=Peacock |first2=W. J. |year=1981 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-23793-2 |page=11 |access-date=November 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526010205/https://books.google.com/books?id=HEQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11 |archive-date=May 26, 2020 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref> He said it was mixed with [[spelt]] "to mitigate its bitter taste, and even then is most unpleasant to the stomach".<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Pliny the Elder]] |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D40 |title=The Natural History |date=1855 |publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]] (T&F) |location= [[London]] |at=Book 18, Ch. 40 |translator1-last=Bostock |translator1-first=John |access-date=July 12, 2016 |translator2-last=Riley |translator2-first=H. T. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106201723/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D40 |archive-date=January 6, 2017 |url-status=live |via=[[Perseus Digital Library]], Tufts University |orig-year=c. 77–79}}</ref>