Editing Russia (section)

==Etymology==
{{Main|Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia}}
According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the English name ''Russia'' first appeared in the 14th century, borrowed from {{Langx|la-x-medieval|Russia}}, used in the 11th century and frequently in 12th-century British sources, in turn derived from {{Langx|la-x-medieval|Russi|lit=the Russians|label=none}} and the suffix {{Langx|la-x-medieval|[[wikt:-ia#Latin|-ia]]|label=none}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2023 |title=Russia (n.), Etymology |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/russia_n?tab=etymology |website=Oxford English Dictionary |doi=10.1093/OED/2223074989 |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122215843/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/russia_n?tab=etymology |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kuchkin|first=V. A.|title=|publisher=Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ladomir|year=2014|editor-last=Melnikova|editor-first=E. A.|location=Moscow|pages=700–701|language=ru|script-title=ru:Древняя Русь в средневековом мире|trans-title=Old Rus' in the medieval world|script-chapter=ru:Русская земля|trans-chapter=Russian land|editor-last2=Petrukhina|editor-first2=V. Ya.}}</ref>

There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. The noun and adjective {{Langx|ru|русский |translit=russkiy|label=none}} refers to ethnic [[Russians]]. The adjective {{Langx|ru|российский|translit=rossiiskiy|label=none}} denotes [[Russian citizenship law|Russian citizens]] regardless of ethnicity. The same applies to the more recently coined noun {{Langx|ru|россиянин|translit=rossiianyn|label=none}}, in the sense of citizen of the Russian state.<ref name="Hellberg-Hirn-1998" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Merridale |first=Catherine |title=Redesigning History in Contemporary Russia |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |year=2003 |volume=38 |number=1 |pages=13–28 |doi=10.1177/0022009403038001961 |jstor=3180694 |s2cid=143597960| issn=0022-0094 }}</ref>

The oldest [[Endonym and exonym|endonyms]] used were ''Rus{{'}}'' ({{langx|ru|Русь|label=none}}) and the "Russian land" ({{Langx|ru|Русская земля|Russkaya zemlya|label=none}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kloss |first1=Boris |authorlink1=Boris Kloss |title=О происхождении названия "Россия" |trans-title=About the origin of the name "Russia" |date=2012 |publisher=ИД ЯСК |location=Moskva |isbn=978-5-9551-0527-7 |page=3}}</ref> According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', the word ''Rus{{'}}'' is derived from the [[Rus' people]], who were a [[Swedes|Swedish]] tribe, and from where the three original members of the [[Rurikid]] dynasty came from.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duczko |first=Wladyslaw |title=Viking Rus |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-04-13874-2 |pages=10–11}}</ref> The [[Finnish language|Finnish]] word for Swedes, {{lang|fi|ruotsi}}, has the same origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/128848 |title=The Origin of Rus' |jstor=128848 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025004709/https://www.jstor.org/stable/128848 |last1=Pritsak |first1=Omeljan |journal=The Russian Review |date=5 April 1977 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=249–273 |doi=10.2307/128848 }}.</ref> In modern historiography, the early medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state is usually referred to as ''[[Kievan Rus']]'', named after its capital city.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Bushkovitch |first1=Paul |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866262-4 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-5118 |language=en |chapter=Rus'}}</ref> Another Medieval Latin name for ''Rus{{'}}'' was ''[[Ruthenia]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nazarenko |first=Aleksandr Vasilevich|author-link=Aleksandr Nazarenko|script-title=ru:Древняя Русь на международных путях: междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX–XII веков |year=2001 |publisher=Languages of the Rus' culture |isbn=978-5-7859-0085-1 |pages=40, 42–45, 49–50 |chapter=1. Имя "Русь" в древнейшей западноевропейской языковой традиции (XI–XII века)|trans-title=Ancient Rus' on international routes: interdisciplinary essays on cultural, trade, and political ties in the 9th–12th centuries |language=ru|trans-chapter=The name Rus' in the old tradition of Western European language (XI-XII centuries)|chapter-url=http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814143443/http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>

In Russian, the current name of the country, {{Lang|ru|Россия|italic=no}} ({{Lang|ru-latn|Rossiya}}), comes from the [[Byzantine Greek]] name {{Lang|grc|Ρωσία|italic=no}} ({{Lang|grc-latn|Rosía}}).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Russians: The People of Europe |last=Milner-Gulland |first=R. R. |year=1997 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-0-631-21849-4 |pages=1–4}}</ref> The name {{lang|ru|Росия|italic=no}} ({{lang|ru-latn|Rosiya}}) was first attested in 1387.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Obolensky |first1=Dimitri |author-link1=Dimitri Obolensky |title=Byzantium and the Slavs: Collected Studies |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-902089-14-3 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wH4JAQAAIAAJ |language=en |chapter=Commentary on the ninth chapter of Constantine Porphyrogenitus' De Administrando lmperio |publisher=Variorum Reprints |quote=Later, the term ''Ρωσία'' was borrowed by the Russians, in the form ''Rosiya'', from the terminology used by the Byzantine Patriarchate.}}</ref> The name {{Transliteration|ru|Rossiya}} appeared in Russian sources in the 15th century and began to replace the vernacular ''Rus{{'}}'' during the rise of Moscow as the centre of a unified Russian state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bushkovitch |first1=Paul |title=A Concise History of Russia |date=5 December 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50444-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Le-n7ZYjGWkC |language=en |page=37 |quote=Precisely at this time in written usage the modern term ''Rossia'' (a literary expression borrowed from Greek) began to edge out the traditional and vernacular ''Rus''.}}</ref> However, until the end of the 17th century, the country was more often referred to by its inhabitants as ''Rus{{'}}'', the "Russian land" ({{Transliteration|ru|Russkaya zemlya}}), or the "Muscovite state" ({{Transliteration|ru|Moskovskoye gosudarstvo}}), among other variations.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Langer |first1=Lawrence N. |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia |date=2021 |location=Lanham |isbn=978-1538119426 |page=182 |edition=2nd |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref><ref name="Hellberg-Hirn-1998">{{cite book |last1=Hellberg-Hirn |first1=Elena |title=Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness |date=1998 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot [Hants, England] |isbn=1855218712 |pages=54}}</ref>

In 1721, [[Peter the Great]] proclaimed the [[Russian Empire]] ({{Transliteration|ru|Rossiyskaya imperiya}}).<ref name=":0" /> The name ''Rossiya'' was used as the common designation for the multinational Russian Empire and then for the modern Russian state.<ref name=":7">{{cite book |last1=Kappeler |first1=Andreas |author1-link=Andreas Kappeler |editor1-last=Barker |editor1-first=Adele Marie |editor2-last=Grant |editor2-first=Bruce |title=The Russia Reader: History, Culture, Politics |date=12 July 2010 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-4648-7 |pages=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-jWhJMt_9EC |language=en |chapter="Great Russians" and '"Little Russians"}}</ref> ''Rossiya'' is distinguished from the ethnonym ''russkiy'', as it refers to a supranational identity, including ethnic Russians.<ref name=":7"/> After the [[Russian Revolution]] and the proclamation of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] in 1918, the "Russian" in the title of the state was ''Rossiyskaya'', rather than ''Russkaya'', as the former denoted a multinational state, while the latter had ethnic dimensions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Service |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Service (historian)|title=A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century, Third Edition |date=30 October 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03493-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZkrAQAAIAAJ |language=en |page=84}}</ref> In modern Russian, the name ''Rus{{'}}'' is still used in poetry or prose to refer to either the older Russia or an imagined essence of Russia.<ref name=":1"/>