Editing Russell, Massachusetts (section)

==History==
Russell was originally part of the [[Pocumtuc]] (also called Deerfield) nation, who spoke an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]]. Like most native peoples, they were decimated by [[smallpox]], then their participation in [[King Philip's War]] 1675–1676 proved their undoing as victory by colonial forces led to the dispersal of remnants of this tribe west into New York and north into Canada.

Although the way was open for settlement beyond the [[Pioneer Valley]] lowlands, the thin, rocky soil and hilly topography of uplands to the west delayed settlement until about 1725, when there was no more promising land left to settle in the valley. Because river valleys in the hilly areas were subject to cold air pockets and late frosts—especially during the [[Little Ice Age]] that persisted until the late 19th century—most early settlement was in uplands in and near South Quarter. Relatively unproductive soils and small fields were not conducive to growing [[cash crop]]s, so farming was more of a [[subsistence agriculture|subsistence]] nature. Most of what was consumed on these farms was homemade or bartered for.

The upland farm population peaked around 1800, when more productive farmland opened up beyond the [[Appalachian Mountains]] in [[western New York]] and the [[Northwest Territory]]—today's [[Great Lakes]] states. Employment opportunities became significant by about 1825 as the first (water power-dependent) [[Industrial Revolution]] unfolded in New England. The cash income gave farmsteads access to manufactured goods and imported food such as cane sugar from the West Indies in lieu of local maple products. Farming became more of a part-time occupation and a growing number of farms were abandoned, gradually reverting to forest until only stonewalls and cellar holes remain.

The Industrial Revolution led to development in the Westfield River valley, as the water power potential of the three cascades was developed for industrial use. Three villages developed around mills at the cascades, and the easy grades along the valley were utilized for a [[Boston and Albany|railroad]] route across the Berkshires' {{convert|1400|ft}} of relief.<!--60 ft. above sea level at the Connecticut River in Springfield up to 1460 ft. at the height of land in the town of Washington.-->

A small upstream village near the [[Huntington, Massachusetts|Huntington]] border was called Crescent Mills. Originally a Chapin and Gould Paper Company mill,<ref>[https://www.townofrussell.us/about/pages/history History] (Town of Russell)</ref> Texxon still operates a mill there that makes special fabrics for shoes. The middle settlement and the town's administrative center is called Russell Village. Westfield River Paper Company manufactured [[glassine]] and other specialty papers there until it was decommissioned and then bought for a proposed [[biomass]] electric plant utilizing local cordwood. Russell Village was a virtually self-sufficient community as late as the 1950s, with several stores, a barbershop, and several restaurants; then increasing automobile ownership brought the greater commercial offerings in Westfield and other Pioneer Valley cities within reach.

[[Image:Strathmore Mills, Woronoco MA.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Woronoco]]

The lower industrial village was named Woronoco after a local tribe, and the local cascades were once called Salmon Falls, presumably because [[Atlantic salmon]] were observed and captured there. [[Strathmore Paper Company]] manufactured high-quality bond papers at this location until it was taken over by [[International Paper]] and then decommissioned. Strathmore was originally purchased by [[Horace A. Moses]] in 1904. Moses, later co-founder of [[Junior Achievement]], was a visionary social engineer as well as an industrialist who developed Woronoco as a model company town with housing of a notably high standard and buildings accommodating a wide variety of community activities. The factory, and the town it created, were based upon his journey to the factory town of Strathmore, Scotland. Moses also developed a {{convert|1600|acre|km2|adj=on}} estate around Russell Pond in South Quarter, where he raised both award-winning apples and prized hunting dogs. He later sold off sections of the estate to the Hampden Council of the [[Boy Scouts of America]]. Today, the Horace A. Moses Scout Reservation contains many buildings original to Moses and his staff, including his summer home, which is known simply as "The Manor House". The property is thought to be one of the last homes of the rare [[Scottish thistle]], which Moses imported from Scotland in the 1930s.

In 1965 Russell joined with neighboring towns to form [[Gateway Regional School District (Massachusetts)|Gateway Regional School District]] that now educates some 1,300 students at an annual cost to taxpayers of about $15,000 per student.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grsd.org/general_information/about_us.html |title=Untitled Document |access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-date=September 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905182137/http://www.grsd.org/general_information/about_us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> With very little industrial and commercial property to share this tax burden, Russell has one of the highest tax rates per unit assessed value in the state.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Westfield River Paper Company shut down operations in 1994, while Strathmore Paper was purchased by International Paper Co. and ceased operations in 1999. This left the town with no industrial tax base other than the small Texxon plant in Crescent Mills. Retail operations are also very limited, with residents mostly commuting to Westfield and [[West Springfield, Massachusetts|West Springfield]] to shop.

In the 1990s [[Mennonite]]s moved from western [[Pennsylvania]] to Russell where they established a church, a furniture factory/showroom called "Country Woodcraft"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2010/09/mennonite_woodcrafters_meld_values_into.html|title=Mennonite woodcrafters meld values into Countryside Woodcraft business in Russell|date=September 20, 2010}}</ref> and a bakery shop called "Bread Basket". On September 11 of every year since 2003 the Mennonite Youth Chorus from Russell has offered songs of remembrance for victims of the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attack]] at the [[Ground zero#World Trade Center|Ground Zero site]] of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in New York City.

In 2004 a [[Biofuel|biomass]] generating plant<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russellbiomass.com/ |title=The Russell Biomass Power Plant Home |website=www.russellbiomass.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111145519/http://www.russellbiomass.com/ |archive-date=November 11, 2007}}</ref> was proposed to take advantage of the former Westfield River Paper Co. site along the [[Westfield River]] with access to water, the former [[Boston and Albany Railroad]] line, and supplies of waste wood as a byproduct of real estate development, [[logging]] and [[Silviculture|forestry work]]. The proposal proved highly controversial. While it would have created a number of jobs and lightened the tax burden,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.russellfirst.com/russell-ma.html |title=Russell, MA |access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715214518/http://www.russellfirst.com/russell-ma.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> opponents raised concerns of truck traffic through town, air pollution, water withdrawals and [[thermal pollution]] of water returned to the river after use for cooling purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.concernedcitizensofrussell.org/trip.php |title=T.R.I.P. - Biomass Basics - Concerned Citizens of Russell |access-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-date=January 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123072213/http://www.concernedcitizensofrussell.org/trip.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of 2010, political issues in Russell largely revolve around the tax base and economy.