Editing Rudy Giuliani (section)

==Early life and education==
Giuliani was born on May 28, 1944, in the [[East Flatbush, Brooklyn|East Flatbush]] section of [[Brooklyn]], New York City, which at the time of his birth was a largely [[Italian Americans|Italian American]] enclave of Brooklyn. He is the only child of working-class parents Helen (née D'Avanzo) and Harold Angelo Giuliani, both children of Italian immigrants.<ref name="Burton-2007">{{cite news|first=Danielle |last=Burton |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Rudy Giuliani|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070207/7giulianifacts.htm |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=February 7, 2007 |access-date=June 21, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318154505/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070207/7giulianifacts.htm |archive-date=March 18, 2007}}</ref>  Harold Giuliani, a plumber and a bartender,<ref>{{cite book |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |title=Rudy!: An Investigative Biography Of Rudy Giuliani |date=March 2001 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0465005246 |access-date=May 26, 2023 |url=https://survivorbb.rapeutation.com/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=2644 |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526122438/https://survivorbb.rapeutation.com/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=2644 |url-status=live }}</ref> had trouble holding a job, was convicted of [[felony]] assault and robbery, and served prison time in [[Sing Sing]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mondaymemo.net/020218feature.htm |date=February 18, 2002 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20020507095035/http://www.mondaymemo.net/020218feature.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 7, 2002|title=Rudy Giuliani: The Long View of Leadership |last=Bock |first=Wally |work=Wally Bock's Monday Memo |access-date=October 26, 2007}}</ref> Once released, his father worked as an [[loan shark#20th-century gangsters|enforcer]] for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who operated an [[organized crime]]-affiliated [[loan shark]]ing and gambling ring from a restaurant in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2000/07/04/thug-life-2/ |url-status=live |title=Thug Life |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |date=July 4, 2000 |work=[[The Village Voice]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312144440/https://www.villagevoice.com/2000/07/04/thug-life-2/ |access-date=July 24, 2017|archive-date=March 12, 2018 }}</ref>

Giuliani was raised a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Fairchild |first=Mary |url=http://christianity.about.com/od/religionpolitics/p/giulianifaithss.htm |title=Presidential Candidate Rudy Giuliani |work=[[About.com]] |access-date=June 22, 2010 |archive-date=September 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914201420/http://christianity.about.com/od/religionpolitics/p/giulianifaithss.htm |date=January 30, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> When he was seven years old, his family moved from Brooklyn to [[Garden City South, New York|Garden City South]] on [[Long Island]], where he attended the local Catholic school, St. Anne's.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,162,00.html|title=Rudy Giuliani: America's Mayor |last=Mott |first=Gordon |journal=Cigar Aficionado |access-date=October 26, 2007 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024211549/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,162,00.html|archive-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref> Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend [[Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School]], where he graduated in 1961.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2000/07/11/a-readers-guide-to-the-good-stuff-from-rudy/ |url-status=live |title=A Readers' Guide to the Good Stuff From ''Rudy!'' |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |date=July 11, 2000 |work=[[The Village Voice]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132604/https://www.villagevoice.com/2000/07/11/a-readers-guide-to-the-good-stuff-from-rudy/ |access-date=November 19, 2015|archive-date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref>

Giuliani attended [[Manhattan College]] in [[Riverdale, Bronx]], where he majored in [[political science]] with a minor in philosophy.<ref name="Bearak-1997">{{Cite news |last1=Bearak |first1=Barry |last2=Fisher |first2=Ian |date=October 19, 1997 |title=A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/19/nyregion/race-for-city-hall-republican-candidate-mercurial-mayor-s-confident-journey.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=June 10, 2007 |archive-date=February 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207060827/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/19/nyregion/race-for-city-hall-republican-candidate-mercurial-mayor-s-confident-journey.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Giuliani was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year. He joined the [[Phi Rho Pi]] college forensic fraternity and honor society. He graduated in 1965.

Giuliani considered becoming a priest but decided to attend [[New York University School of Law]] in [[Manhattan]], where he was a member of the ''[[New York University Law Review]]''<ref name="Bearak-1997" /> and graduated ''[[cum laude]]'' with a [[Juris Doctor]] degree in 1968.<ref name="New York City">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html |title=A Biography of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani |work=New York City |access-date=November 18, 2006 |archive-date=November 15, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115202615/http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>