Editing Rudolf von Jhering (section)

==Life and career==
Jhering was born on 22 August 1818 in [[Aurich]], the [[Kingdom of Hanover]].{{Sfn|Seagle|1945|p=76}} He entered the [[University of Heidelberg]] in 1836 and also studied in [[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]], [[University of Munich|Munich]], and starting 1838 in [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Berlin]], where he earned his PhD.{{Clarification needed|reason=What exactly does this sentence mean?|date=November 2023}} Of all his teachers, [[Georg Friedrich Puchta]] was the most influential one to him.

In 1844, after graduating as a ''[[Juris Doctor|doctor juris]]'', Jhering established himself in Berlin as ''[[Privatdozent]]'' for [[Roman law]], and delivered public lectures on the ''Geist des römischen Rechts'' (Spirit of Roman law), the theme that may be said to have constituted his life's work. In 1845, he became an ordinary professor at the [[University of Basel]], in 1846 at [[University of Rostock|Rostock]], in 1849 at [[University of Kiel|Kiel]], and in 1851 at [[University of Giessen|Giessen]]. He left his mark at each of those seats of learning; beyond any other of his contemporaries he animated the dry bones of Roman law.

In that period, the German juristic world was still under the dominating influence of [[Friedrich Carl von Savigny|Savigny]]. The older school looked askance at the young professor, who attempted to build up a system of jurisprudence based on [[natural justice]]. This is the keynote of his famous work, ''Geist des römischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwicklung'' (The spirit of Roman law at the various stages of its development, 1852–1865). Its originality and lucidity placed its author in the forefront of modern Roman jurists.

In the second half of the 19th century, Jhering's reputation was as high as that of Savigny's in the first half. Their methods were almost [[diametrically opposed]]. Savigny and his school represented a historical approach. Jhering's conception of jurisprudence was as a science to be utilized for the further advancement of the moral and social interests of mankind.

In 1868, Jhering accepted the chair of Roman Law at [[University of Vienna|Vienna]], where his lecture-room was not only crowded with regular students but also men of all professions and even high-ranking officials. In 1872 Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] conferred a title of hereditary nobility upon him.

The social functions of the Austrian metropolis became wearisome, and Jhering gladly exchanged it for the repose of Göttingen, where he became professor in 1872. That year, he had read a lecture in Vienna before an admiring audience, published under the title of ''Der Kampf um's Recht'' (1872; Eng. trans., ''The Struggle for Law'', 1879). Its success was extraordinary. Within two years it attained twelve editions, and it has been translated into 26 languages. In this, his most famous work, Jhering based his theory of duty in the maintenance of one's [[natural and legal rights|rights]], firstly, on the connection between rights and [[personality]]; and secondly, on the solidarity of law and rights. The relationship of rights to personality is explored. Our rights involve a parcel of our social worth, our honor. Whoever violates our rights, attacks our worth, our honor.

This work was followed five years later by ''Der Zweck im Recht'' (The Purpose in Law, 2 volumes, 1877–1883). These two works reflect Jhering's individuality. The ''Kampf ums Recht'' shows the firmness of his character, the strength of his sense of justice, and his juristic method and logic: every responsible person owes a duty to himself to assert his rights. The ''Zweck im Recht'' evidences the bent of the author's intellect. But perhaps the happiest combination of all his distinctive characteristics is to be found in his ''Jurisprudenz des täglichen Lebens'' (1870; Eng. trans., 1904). A great feature of his lectures was his so-called ''Praktika'', problems in Roman law, and a collection of these with hints for solution was published as early as 1847 under the title ''Civilrechtsfalle ohne Entscheidungen''.

Aside from shorter positions at [[University of Leipzig|Leipzig]] and Heidelberg, Jhering continued to work in Göttingen until his death on 17 September 1892.{{Sfn|Seagle|1945|p=88}}

His other works include the following: ''Beiträge zur Lehre vom Besitz'', first published in the ''Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des heutigen römischen und deutschen Privatrechts'', and then separately; ''Der Besitzwille'', and an article entitled ''Besitz'' in the ''Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften'' (1891), which aroused much controversy at the time, particularly on account of the opposition manifested to Savigny's conception of the subject.

Jhering was married to Ida Christina Frölich.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tiemohollmann.de/Inhalt/Claussen/ppl/e/4/c0f949df5766209c04e.html |title=Genealogy of Tiemo Hollmann - Frölich, Ida Christina |access-date=2012-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704081257/http://www.tiemohollmann.de/Inhalt/Claussen/ppl/e/4/c0f949df5766209c04e.html |archive-date=2012-07-04 }}</ref> His oldest son was the German-Brazilian zoologist [[Hermann von Ihering]] (1850–1930). He was also the great-great-grandfather of Australian singer and actress [[Olivia Newton-John]] through his daughter [[Helene Ehrenberg]] and her marriage to the German jurist [[Victor Ehrenberg (jurist)|Victor Ehrenberg]].

Jhering was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1874.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016131722/https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001117 |title=R. von Jhering (1818 - 1892) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |archive-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

See also ''Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz'' (1885); ''Das Schuldmoment im römischen Privatrecht'' (1867); ''Das Trinkgeld'' (1882); and among the papers he left behind him his ''Vorgeschichte der Indoeuropaer'', a fragment, was published by Victor Ehrenberg in 1894.

In October 2018, the bicentenary of Jhering was commemorated by scholars of Roman law from several countries.

[[File:Flowers to commemorated Rudolf von Jhering 1818-2018.jpg|alt=Flowers to commemorate Rudolf von Jhering 1818-2018|thumb|Flowers to commemorate Rudolf von Jhering 1818-2018]]
[[File:Plaquette at the birthplace of Rudolf von Jhering in Aurich (Germany).jpg|alt=Plaquette at the birthplace of Rudolf von Jhering in Aurich (Germany)|thumb|Plaquette at the birthplace of Jhering in Aurich, Germany]]