Editing Rouen (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Rouen}}
{{For timeline}}

Rouen was founded by the [[Gaul]]ish tribe of the [[Veliocasses]], who controlled a large area in the lower Seine valley. They called it ''Ratumacos''; the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] called it ''Rotomagus''. It was considered the second city of [[Gallia Lugdunensis]] after [[Lugdunum]] ([[Lyon]]) itself. Under the reorganization of [[Diocletian]], Rouen was the chief city of the divided province Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and ''[[thermae]]'' of which foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric and later a capital of [[Merovingian]] [[Neustria]].

From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841, the [[Normans]] overran Rouen.  From 912, Rouen was the capital of the [[Duchy of Normandy]] and residence of the [[duke of Normandy|local dukes]], until [[William the Conqueror]] moved his residence to [[Caen]].<ref>Stratford, Jenny., and British Archaeological Association. ''Medieval Art, Architecture, and Archaeology at Rouen''. Conference Transactions for the Year ... ; 1986. London]: British Archaeological Association, 1993.</ref> In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter which permitted [[self-government]].

During the 12th century, Rouen was the site of a [[yeshiva]] known as [[:fr:Maison sublime|La Maison Sublime]]. Discovered in 1976, it is now a museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Sauvons La Maison Sublime de l'oubli |url=http://www.lamaisonsublime.fr/ |access-date=2019-09-04 |website=La Maison Sublime de Rouen |language=fr |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202539/http://www.lamaisonsublime.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

On 24 June 1204, King [[Philip II Augustus]] of France entered Rouen and definitively annexed Normandy to the [[France in the Middle Ages|French Kingdom]]. He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the {{lang|fr|[[château Bouvreuil]]}}, built on the site of the [[Gallo-Roman]] amphitheatre.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the cities of Flanders and Brabant were constantly competitors, and finding its market in the [[Champagne fairs]]. Rouen also depended for its prosperity on the river traffic of the Seine, on which it enjoyed a monopoly that reached as far upstream as [[Paris]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In the 13th and 14th centuries urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, then numbering some five or six thousand. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass occurred, the ''[[Harelle]]''. It was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

During the [[Hundred Years' War]], on 19 January 1419, Rouen surrendered after a [[Siege of Rouen (1418–1419)|long siege]] to [[Henry V of England]], who annexed [[Normandy]] once again to the [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenet domains]]. French soldier [[Alain Blanchard]] summarily hung English prisoners of war from the city walls during the siege, for which he was beheaded after Rouen fell, while [[Canon (priest)|canon]] and [[vicar general]] of Rouen [[Robert de Livet]] excommunicated Henry V, resulting in him being imprisoned for five years in England.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} [[Joan of Arc]], who supported a return to French rule, was [[burned at the stake]] on 30 May 1431 in Rouen, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, the French king's enemy. The king of France, [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]], recaptured the town in 1449.

Rouen was staunchly Catholic during the [[French Wars of Religion]], and underwent an unsuccessful [[Siege of Rouen (1591)|five-month siege]] in 1591/2 by the Protestant [[Henry IV of France]] and an English force under [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]]. A brief account by an English participant has survived.<ref> 'Memoirs of Robert Carey', (F.H.Mares (ed.), Oxford, 1972), pp.&nbsp;18–21.</ref>

During the [[repression of January and February 1894]], the police conducted raids targeting the [[anarchists]] living there, without much success.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=3 January 1894 |title=Les anarchistes |trans-title=The anarchists |work=La Dépêche |pages=2}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |date=2 January 1894 |title=Deux mille perquisitions |journal=L'Estafette |pages=2}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news |date=3 January 1894 |title=Une série générale de perquisitions : résultat négatif des recherches |trans-title=A general series of raids: negative results |work=L'Éclair}}</ref> The first competitive motor race ran from Paris to Rouen in 1894.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

During the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation in World War II]], the [[Kriegsmarine]] had its headquarters located in a chateau on what is now the [[Rouen Business School]]. The city was heavily damaged during the same war on [[D-Day]], and its famed cathedral was almost destroyed by Allied bombs.