Editing Romanticism (section)

==Overview==
===Timeline===
For most of the Western world, Romanticism was at its peak from approximately 1800 to 1850. The first Romantic ideas arose from an earlier German [[Counter-Enlightenment]] movement called ''[[Sturm und Drang]]'' (German: "Storm and Stress"). This movement directly criticized the Enlightenment's position that humans can fully comprehend the world through [[rationality]] alone, suggesting that [[intuition]] and [[emotion]] are key components of [[insight]] and understanding.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Paul|title=The Oxford Handbook of European Romanticism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-19-969638-3|location=Oxford|pages=170|language=en}}</ref> Published in 1774, "[[The Sorrows of Young Werther]]" by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] began to shape the Romanticist movement and its ideals. The events and ideologies of the [[French Revolution]] were also direct influences on the movement; many early Romantics throughout Europe sympathized with the ideals and achievements of French revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blechman|first=Max|title=Revolutionary Romanticism: A Drunken Boat Anthology|publisher=City Lights Books|year=1999|isbn=0-87286-351-4|location=San Francisco, CA|pages=84–85|language=en}}</ref>

A confluence of circumstances led to Romanticism's decline in the mid-19th century, including (but not limited to) the rise of [[Realism (arts)|Realism and Naturalism]], [[Charles Darwin]]'s publishing of the ''[[Origin of Species]]'', the transition from [[Age of Revolution|widespread revolution in Europe]] to a more [[conservative]] climate, and a shift in public consciousness to the immediate impact of technology and [[urbanization]] on the [[working class]]. By [[World War I]], Romanticism was overshadowed by new cultural, social, and political movements, many of them hostile to the perceived [[illusion]]s and preoccupations of the Romantics.

However, Romanticism has had a lasting impact on Western civilization, and many works of art, music, and literature that embody the Romantic ideals have been made after the end of the Romantic era. The movement's advocacy for nature appreciation is cited as an influence for current [[nature conservation]] efforts. The majority of [[film scores]] from the [[Golden Age of Hollywood]] were written in the lush [[orchestral]] Romantic style, and this genre of orchestral cinematic music is still often seen in films of the 21st century. The philosophical underpinnings of the movement have influenced modern political theory, both among [[Liberalism|liberals]] and [[conservatives]].

===Purpose===
Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and [[individualism]] as well as the [[glorification]] of the past and nature, preferring the medieval over the classical. Romanticism was partly a reaction to the [[Industrial Revolution]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083836 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013060413/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083836 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2005 |title=''Romanticism''. Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2010-08-24 }}</ref> and the prevailing ideology of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], especially the scientific rationalization of Nature.<ref name="Casey">{{cite web|last=Casey |first=Christopher |date=October 30, 2008 |title="Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism |website=Foundations. Volume III, Number 1 |url=http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8 |access-date=2014-05-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513053304/http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8 |archive-date=May 13, 2009 }}</ref> 

The movement's ideals were embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature; it also had a major impact on [[historiography]],<ref>David Levin, ''History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman'' (1967)</ref> education,<ref>Gerald Lee Gutek, ''A history of the Western educational experience'' (1987) ch. 12 on [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi]]</ref> [[Romantic chess|chess]], [[social sciences]], and the [[natural sciences]].<ref>[[Ashton Nichols]], "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 2005 149(3): 304–15</ref> 

Romanticism had a significant and complex effect on politics: Romantic thinking influenced [[conservatism]], [[liberalism]], [[Classical radicalism|radicalism]], and [[nationalism]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Morrow |first=John|editor-last=Stedman Jones |editor-first=Gareth |editor-link=Gareth Stedman Jones|editor2-last=Claeys |editor2-first=Gregory |editor2-link=Gregory Claeys |encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought |title=Romanticism and political thought in the early 19th century  |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EEBC9BBCC0907F899DC10DE7A4ED87A9/9780511973581c2_p39-76_CBO.pdf/romanticism_and_political_thought_in_the_early_nineteenth_century.pdf |access-date=10 September 2017  |year=2011 |publisher=[[Cambridge University]] |series=[[The Cambridge History of Political Thought]]  |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-511-97358-1|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521430562 |pages=39–76}}</ref><ref name="metafizika journal">{{cite journal |last1=Guliyeva|first1=Gunesh |date=2022-12-15 |title=Traces of Romanticism in the Creativity of Bahtiyar Vahabzade |url=http://metafizikajurnali.az/storage/images/site/files/Metafizika-20/Metafizika.Vol.5%2CNo.4%2CSerial.20%2Cpp.113-128.pdf |journal=[[Metafizika (journal)|Metafizika]] |language=az |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=77–87 |issn=2616-6879 |eissn=2617-751X |oclc=1117709579 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114160047/https://metafizikajurnali.az/storage/images/site/files/Metafizika-20/Metafizika.Vol.5,No.4,Serial.20,pp.113-128.pdf |archive-date=2022-11-14 |access-date=2022-10-14}}</ref>

Romanticism prioritized the artist's unique, individual imagination above the strictures of classical form. The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of [[aesthetic]] experience. It granted a new importance to experiences of [[sympathy]], [[awe]], [[Wonder (emotion)|wonder]], and [[Fear|terror]], in part by naturalizing such emotions as responses to the "beautiful" and the "sublime".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coleman|first=Jon T.|title=Nature Shock: Getting Lost in America|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-300-22714-7|pages=214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=Barbara A.|title=Global Extremes: Spectacles of Wilderness Adventure, Endless Frontiers, and American Dreams|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|location=Santa Cruz|pages=51|language=en}}</ref>

Romantics stressed the nobility of [[folk art]] and ancient cultural practices, but also championed [[radical politics]], [[unconventional]] behavior, and authentic spontaneity. In contrast to the [[rationalism]] and [[classicism]] of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], Romanticism revived [[medievalism]]<ref>[[Núria Perpinyà|Perpinya]], Núria. [http://www.logos-verlag.de/cgi-bin/buch/isbn/3794 Ruins, Nostalgia and Ugliness. Five Romantic perceptions of Middle Ages and a spoon of Game of Thrones and Avant-garde oddity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313091643/http://logos-verlag.de/cgi-bin/buch/isbn/3794 |date=2016-03-13 }}. Berlin: Logos Verlag. 2014</ref> and juxtaposed a [[pastoral]] conception of a more "authentic" European past with a highly critical view of recent social changes, including [[urbanization]], brought about by the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Romanticism lionized the achievements of "heroic" individuals—especially artists, who began to be represented as cultural leaders (one Romantic luminary, [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], described poets as the "unacknowledged legislators of the world" in his "[[Defence of Poetry]]").