Editing Romantic music (section)

==Background==
{{Main|Romanticism|Scholarship of Romanticism}}
[[File:Caspar David Friedrich - Wanderer above the sea of fog.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|''[[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]],'' by [[Caspar David Friedrich]], is an example of Romantic painting.]]

The Romantic movement was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romanticism - Music|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Romanticism|access-date=2021-11-09|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> In part, it was a revolt against social and political norms of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and a reaction against the scientific [[rationalization (sociology)|rationalization]] of nature.<ref>{{harv|Casey|2008}}</ref> It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, literature,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kravitt|first=Edward F.|date=1972|title=The Impact of Naturalism on Music and the Other Arts during the Romantic Era|journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism|volume=30|issue=4|pages=537–543|doi=10.2307/429469|jstor=429469}}</ref> and education,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gutek|first=Gerald Lee |title=A history of the Western educational experience|date=1995|isbn=0-88133-818-4|edition=2nd |location=Prospect Heights, IL|oclc=32464830 |publisher=Waveland Press}}</ref> and was in turn influenced by developments in natural history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nichols|first=Ashton|title="Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin"|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=149|issue=3|pages=304–315}}</ref>

One of the first significant applications of the term to music was in 1789, in the ''Mémoires'' by the Frenchman [[André Grétry]], but it was [[E. T. A. Hoffmann]] who established the principles of musical romanticism, in a lengthy review of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)|Fifth Symphony]] published in 1810, and an 1813 article on Beethoven's instrumental music. In the first of these essays Hoffmann traced the beginnings of musical Romanticism to the later works of [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]. It was Hoffmann's fusion of ideas already associated with the term "Romantic", used in opposition to the restraint and formality of Classical models, that elevated music, and especially instrumental music, to a position of pre-eminence in Romanticism as the art most suited to the expression of emotions. It was also through the writings of Hoffmann and other German authors that German music was brought to the center of musical Romanticism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rothstein|first1=William|last2=Sadie|first2=Stanley|last3=Tyrrell|first3=John|date=2001|title=Articles on Schenker and Schenkerian Theory in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', 2nd Edition |journal=Journal of Music Theory |volume=45 |issue=1|page=204|doi=10.2307/3090656|jstor=3090656|issn=0022-2909}}</ref>