Editing Robert H. Jackson (section)

==Early life==
Jackson was born on his family's farm in [[Spring Creek Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania]], on February 13, 1892, and was raised in [[Frewsburg, New York]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Downs |first=John Phillips |date=1921 |title=History of Chautauqua County New York and its People |volume=III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357 |location=Boston, MA |publisher=American Historical Society |page=357 |ref={{sfnRef|''History of Chautauqua County New York and its People''}} |isbn=9785872000877 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819145014/https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357 |url-status=live }}</ref> The son of William Eldred Jackson and Angelina Houghwout, he graduated from Frewsburg High School in 1909<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://secureapps.libraries.psu.edu/PACFTB/bios/biography.cfm?AuthorID=1297|title=Author biographies|website=Pennsylvania Center For the Book|access-date=2017-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073605/https://secureapps.libraries.psu.edu/PACFTB/bios/biography.cfm?AuthorID=1297|archive-date=January 4, 2018|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and spent the next year as a post-graduate student attending [[Jamestown High School (New York)|Jamestown High School]], where he worked to improve his writing skills.<ref>{{Cite news|jstor=1226289|title=Robert H. Jackson, 1892-1954|last=Halpern|first=Philip|work=Stanford Law Review}}</ref>

Jackson decided on a legal career; since attendance at college or law school was not a requirement if a student learned under the tutelage of an established attorney, at age 18 he began to [[reading law|read law]] with the [[Jamestown, New York]], firm in which his uncle, Frank Mott, was a partner.{{sfn|''History of Chautauqua County New York and its People''}} His uncle soon introduced him to [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], who was then serving as a member of the [[New York State Senate]]. Jackson attended [[Albany Law School]] of [[Union University (New York)|Union University]] from 1911 to 1912.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shimsky |first=MaryJane |date=2007 |title="Hesitating Between Two Worlds": The Civil Rights Odyssey of Robert H. Jackson |volume=I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EubRIpwGvnoC&pg=PA63 |location=Ann Arbor, MI |publisher=ProQuest LLC |page=63 |ref={{sfnRef|''"Hesitating Between Two Worlds"''}} |isbn=9780549262305 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312125050/https://books.google.com/books?id=EubRIpwGvnoC&pg=PA63 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time, students at Albany Law School had three options: taking individual courses without receiving a degree, completing a two-year program and receiving an [[bachelor of law|LL.B.]] degree, or demonstrating the knowledge required of a first-year student and then taking the second year of the two-year program, which produced a [[certificate of completion]].{{sfn|''"Hesitating Between Two Worlds"''}} Jackson chose the third option; he successfully completed the second-year courses, and received his certificate in 1912.{{sfn|''"Hesitating Between Two Worlds"''}}

After his year at Albany Law School, Jackson returned to Jamestown to complete his studies.{{sfn|''History of Chautauqua County New York and its People''}} He attained [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admission to the bar]] in 1913 at age twenty-one,{{R|DoJ}} then joined a law practice in Jamestown.{{sfn|''History of Chautauqua County New York and its People''}} In 1916, he married Irene Alice Gerhardt, in Albany.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 1916 |title=Society Notes: Jackson-Gerhardt |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/28424332/ |work=Kingston Daily Freeman |location=Kingston, NY |page=3 |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312055329/https://www.newspapers.com/image/28424332/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1917, Jackson was recruited to work for Penney, Killeen & Nye, a leading [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] firm, primarily defending the [[International Railway (New York–Ontario)|International Railway Company]] in trials and appeals.{{sfn|''History of Chautauqua County New York and its People''}} In late 1918, Jackson was recruited back to Jamestown to serve as the city's [[corporation counsel]].{{sfn|''History of Chautauqua County New York and its People''}}

Over the next 15 years, he built a successful practice, and became a leading lawyer in New York State; he also enhanced his reputation nationally, through leadership roles with bar associations and other legal organizations.{{sfn|''History of Chautauqua County New York and its People''}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Raful |first=Lawrence |date=2006 |title=The Nuremberg Trials: International Criminal Law Since 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5h_8dxXEIPsC&pg=PA129 |location=Munich, Germany |publisher=K. G. Saur Verlag |page=129 |isbn=978-3-598-11756-5 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Nuremberg Trials: International Criminal Law Since 1945''}} |access-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312130954/https://books.google.com/books?id=5h_8dxXEIPsC&pg=PA129 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1930, Jackson was elected to membership in the American Law Institute; in 1933, he was elected Chairman of the American Bar Association's Conference of Bar Association Delegates (a predecessor to today's ABA House of Delegates).{{sfn|''The Nuremberg Trials: International Criminal Law Since 1945''}}

Jackson became active in politics as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]; [[1916 United States presidential election in New York|in 1916]], he spearheaded Jamestown's local [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson for President]] organization.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hockett |first=Jeffrey D. |date=1996 |title=New Deal Justice: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Hugo L. Black, Felix Frankfurter, and Robert H. Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8fxEZbKQqWcC&pg=PA224 |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=224, 226 |isbn=978-0-8476-8211-9 |ref={{sfnRef|''New Deal Justice''}} |access-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312131932/https://books.google.com/books?id=8fxEZbKQqWcC&pg=PA224 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the years during and after [[World War I]], he was a member of the [[New York State Democratic Party|New York State Democratic Committee]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=James |date=1918 |title=The New York Red Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXJIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=J. B. Lyon Company |page=47 |access-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312134923/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXJIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also continued his association with Roosevelt; when Roosevelt served as [[Governor of New York]] from 1929 to 1933, he appointed Jackson to a commission which reviewed the state judicial system and proposed reforms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas E. |first1=Baker |last2=Stack |first2=John F. |date=2006 |title=At War with Civil Rights and Civil Liberties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svxzgTPwG1wC&pg=PA75 |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=75 |isbn=978-0-7425-3598-5 |access-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312131536/https://books.google.com/books?id=svxzgTPwG1wC&pg=PA75 |url-status=live }}</ref> He served on that commission from 1931 to 1939.<ref>{{cite book |last1=New York |first1=State Government of |title=Manual for the use of the Legislature of the State of New York |date=1939 |publisher=J. B. Lyon Company Printers |location=Albany, New York |page=661 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3147265&view=1up&seq=691&skin=2021 |access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=New York |first1=State Government of |title=Manual for the use of the Legislature of the State of New York |date=1931 |publisher=J. B. Lyon Company Printers |location=Albany, New York |page=463 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112110805386&view=1up&seq=493&skin=2021 |access-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref> Jackson also turned down Roosevelt's offer to appoint him to the [[New York Public Service Commission]], because he preferred to remain in private practice.{{sfn|''New Deal Justice''}}