Editing Ripon (section)

==History==
{{See also|History of Yorkshire}}

===Northumbrian and Viking period===

During its pre-history the area which later became Ripon was under the control of the [[Brigantes]], a [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] tribe. Three miles (5&nbsp;km) north at Hutton Moor there is a large circular [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthwork]] created by them.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=13}} The [[Roman Britain|Romans]] did not settle Ripon, but they had a military outpost around {{convert|5|mi|0}} away at [[North Stainley]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=14}} Solid evidence for the origins of Ripon can be traced back to the 7th century, the time of the [[Angles (tribe)|Anglian]] kingdom of [[Northumbria]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=14}} The first structure built in the area, known at the time as '''''Inhrypum''''', was a [[Christian church]] dedicated to [[St Peter]], with the settlement originating in 658.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=13}} This was founded by [[Wilfrid]], a Northumbrian nobleman, who later became [[Archbishop of York]]; he was granted the land by King [[Alhfrith of Deira|Alhfrith]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=17}}

The earliest settlers were stonemasons, glaziers and plasterers that Wilfrid brought over to help construct the Ripon monastery, from [[Lyon]] in [[Francia]] and Rome which was then under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine rule]].<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.ripon.org/history.php|title =Ripon History|publisher =Ripon.org|access-date =1 February 2009|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090330194406/http://www.ripon.org/history.php|archive-date =30 March 2009|url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.wilfrid.com/Wilfrid_pilgrimage/ripon.htm|title =Ripon|publisher =Wilfrid.com|access-date =1 February 2009|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090607061613/http://www.wilfrid.com/Wilfrid_pilgrimage/ripon.htm|archive-date =7 June 2009|url-status =live}}</ref> The years following the death of Wilfrid are obscure in Ripon's history. After the invasion of the [[Great Heathen Army]] of [[Norsemen|Norse]] [[Viking]]s in Northumbria, the [[Danelaw]] was established and the [[Jórvík|Kingdom of Jórvík]] was founded in the [[Yorkshire]] area.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=19}} In 937, [[Athelstan of England|Athelstan]], then [[King of England]], granted the privilege of sanctuary to Ripon, for a mile around the church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverripon.org/page/about_ripon.html|title=About Ripon|work=Discover Ripon|publisher=Ripon City Council|access-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232219/http://www.discoverripon.org/page/about_ripon.html|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> One of his successors was less well-disposed: after the Northumbrians rebelled against English rule in 948, King [[Edred of England|Edred]] had the buildings at Ripon burned.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=19}} Prosperity was restored by the end of the 10th century, as the body of Saint [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|Cuthbert]] was moved to Ripon for a while, due to the threat of [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] raids.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=19}}

===Normans and the Middle Ages===
[[File:Ripon Cathedral (geograph 5374696).jpg|thumb|[[Ripon Cathedral]]]]
After the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman conquest]], much of the north rebelled in 1069, even trying to bring back Danish rule; the suppression that followed was the [[Harrying of the North]], which resulted in the death of approximately one-third of the population of the [[North of England]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|pp=19–20}} Ripon is thought to have shrunk to a small community around the church following the suppression.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=20}} The lands of the church were transferred to [[York Minster|St Peter's Church]] at York as the [[Liberty of Ripon]] and it was during this time that a grand [[Ripon Cathedral|Collegiate Church]] was built on top of the ruins of Wilfrid's building. Eventually developed in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style, the project owed much to the work of [[Roger de Pont L'Evêque]] and [[Walter de Gray]], two [[Archbishop of York|Archbishops of York]] during the [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenet]] era.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=20}} During the 12th century Ripon built up a booming [[wool]] trade, attracting Italian trade merchants, especially [[Florence|Florentine]]s, who bought and exported large quantities.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=43}}

Ripon's proximity to [[Fountains Abbey]], where the [[Cistercian]]s had a long tradition of sheep farming and owned much grazing land, was a considerable advantage.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=43}} After English people were forbidden from wearing foreign cloth in 1326, Ripon developed a cloth industry which was third in size in Yorkshire after York and [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=43}} Due to conflict with [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], political emphasis was on the North during the time of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] and [[Edward II of England|Edward II]], as Scottish invaders attacked numerous northern English towns.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=60}} Ripon had a wakeman to make sure the residents were safely home by [[curfew]] and law and order was maintained; however, it was forced to pay 1,000&nbsp;[[Mark (money)|marks]] to the Scots to prevent them from burning down the town on one occasion.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=60}}

===Reformation and Tudor times===
[[File:FountainsAbbey-Wyrdlight 893.jpg|thumb|[[Fountains Abbey]]]]
Ripon, which relied heavily on its religious institutions, was badly affected by the [[English Reformation]] under the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] king [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|pp=73–74}} The [[Abbot]] of Fountains, William Thirske, was expelled by Henry and replaced; Thirske went on to become one of the leaders of the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]] [[Popular revolt in late medieval Europe|popular rising]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=74}} The people of Northern England were quite traditional in their beliefs and were unhappy about Henry's intention to break with Rome; the Pilgrimage of Grace was the manifestation of this sentiment.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=74}} The revolt failed and Henry followed through with the break from [[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] and the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]], which included [[Fountains Abbey]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=74}}

After [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], fled Scotland to [[Northern England]] she stayed at Ripon on her journey.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=74}} The mainly Catholic North supported her, and there was another popular rising known as the [[Rising of the North]]; this began six miles (10&nbsp;km) away at [[Topcliffe, North Yorkshire|Topcliffe]] and was led by [[Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland|Thomas Percy]], the 7th [[Earl of Northumberland]] and [[Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland|Charles Neville]], the 6th [[Earl of Westmorland]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=74}} The rebels stayed at Ripon on 18 November 1569, but the rising eventually failed resulting in 600 people being executed, 300 of whom were [[hanged]] at Gallows Hill in Ripon during January 1570.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=74}}

Plans were drawn up to make Ripon a centre of education, a ''University of the North'', to rival [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]]. Although chief advisers [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|Lord Burghley]] and [[Edwin Sandys, Archbishop of York|Archbishop Sandys]] supported the idea, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] did not follow it through.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=75}} The scheme was revived in 1604 by Sandys' widow Cicely, under the patronage of [[Anne of Denmark]] and [[Bess of Hardwick]] without success.<ref>[[Francis Peck]], ''Desiderata Curiosa'', vol. 1 (London, 1779), p. 290.</ref>

===Civil War and Restoration===
[[File:Thorpe Prebend House.jpg|thumb|left|The house where Stuart King [[James VI and I|James I]] stayed in 1617]]
Ripon replaced its old textiles industry with one for the manufacture of [[spur]]s during the 16th century.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=45}} They were so widely known that they gave rise to the [[proverb]] "as true steel as Ripon Rowels".<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.oldtowns.co.uk/Yorkshire/ripon.htm|title =Ripon|publisher =Old Towns of England|access-date =1 February 2009|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011849/http://www.oldtowns.co.uk/Yorkshire/ripon.htm|archive-date =27 September 2007|url-status =live}}</ref> At the time, spurs did not just serve as functional [[Equestrianism|riding]] accessories, they were also fashionable; an expensive pair was made for King [[James VI and I|James I]] when he stayed at Ripon in 1617.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=43}} It was James who granted Ripon a [[Royal Charter]] in 1604 and created the first Mayor of Ripon.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|url =http://www.visitripon.org/history/ripon_timeline.html|title =Ripon Timeline|publisher =VisitRipon.org|access-date =1 February 2009|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090101091605/http://www.visitripon.org/history/ripon_timeline.html|archive-date =1 January 2009|url-status =live}}</ref> After the [[Bishops' Wars]] in Scotland, a [[Treaty of Ripon|treaty]] was signed at Ripon in 1640 to stop the conflict between [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and the Scottish [[Covenanter]]s.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=75}} Although Ripon was not in the main line of fighting which was to the east, it remained loyal and [[cavalier|royalist]] during the [[English Civil War]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=75}} There was an incident in 1643, when [[roundheads|parliamentarian]] forces under [[Thomas Mauleverer]] entered Ripon and damaged the Minster, but [[John Mallory]] and the royalist forces soon settled the matter after a skirmish in the Market Place.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=75}} The royalists were eventually defeated in the Civil War and Charles I spent two nights as a prisoner in Ripon.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=75}} [[Oliver Cromwell]] visited the city twice on his way to battle, once on the way to the [[Battle of Preston (1648)|Preston]] and also on the way to the [[Battle of Worcester]].{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=75}}

[[File:Studley Royal, Ripon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Studley Royal Park]]]]
[[File:Freemantle Terrace - geograph.org.uk - 644033.jpg|thumb|Freemantle Terrace]]
By the time of the [[English Restoration]], several strains of [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|non-conformist]] Christian practices had appeared, although they were not common in Ripon, the majority of people being [[Anglicans]] with a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] minority.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|pp=75–76}} After the [[Glorious Revolution|Revolution of 1688]], which overthrew [[James II of England|James II]], there were [[Jacobite risings]] in the [[British Isles]]; some Riponmen were jailed in February 1746 upon "suspicion of corresponding with Prince [[Charles Edward Stuart]]".{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=76}} The founder of [[Methodism]], [[John Wesley]], preached in Ripon and a small community of followers was established.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|pp=76–77}} During the [[Georgian era]] Ripon, unlike several other cities, was not significantly affected by the [[Industrial Revolution]] despite the existence of various [[guild]]s. Although more widely known for his activities outside of Ripon, [[John Aislabie]], during his time as Member of Parliament for Ripon, created the [[Studley Royal Park]] with its [[water garden]] and erected the [[Ripon Obelisk]] (designed by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]]).<ref name="engineering_timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=165|title=Engineering timelines|publisher=engineering-timelines.com|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307231609/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=165|archive-date=7 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="timeline"/> [[Newby Hall]] was also created during this period by [[Christopher Wren]].<ref name="timeline" />

===Modern day===
Communications were improved with the opening of [[Ripon railway station]] in May 1848.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=46}} During the First World War, a large [[Claro Barracks|military training camp]] was built in Ripon; the local community offered hospitality not only to soldiers' wives but to the [[Flemish people|Flemish]] refugees who became part of Ripon's community.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=107}} The racecourse south-east of the city also served as an airfield ([[Royal Flying Corps Ripon|RFC Ripon]]) for the [[Royal Flying Corps]] (and latterly, the [[Royal Air Force]]). The racecourse was also used as a demobilisation centre for troops returning from [[France]] well into 1919.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Delve|first1=Ken|title=Northern England : Co. Durham, Cumbria, Isle of Man, Lancashire, Merseyside, Manchester, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear, Yorkshire|date=2006|publisher=Crowood|location=Ramsbury|isbn=1-86126-809-2|page=302}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Barker|first1=Malcolm|title=March of history as city gets ready to say another goodbye|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/opinion/malcolm-barker-march-of-history-as-city-gets-ready-to-say-another-goodbye-1-5557841|access-date=14 March 2018|work=Th Yorkshire Post|date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134240/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/opinion/malcolm-barker-march-of-history-as-city-gets-ready-to-say-another-goodbye-1-5557841|archive-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The town had a similar though smaller role during the Second World War and, in recognition of this, the [[Royal Engineers]] were presented with the [[Freedom of the City]] in 1947.{{sfn|Thomson|1978|p=108}} Since the War, Ripon has gone through some remodelling and has grown in size; it attracts thousands of tourists each year who come to see its famous buildings with their long Christian heritage, nearby Studley Park, [[Ripon Racecourse]], and in recent times the theme park [[Lightwater Valley]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bond|first1=Chris|title=Yorkshire's cathedrals in need of divine intervention as running costs spiral|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/yorkshire-s-cathedrals-in-need-of-divine-intervention-as-running-costs-spiral-1-7719067|access-date=10 February 2018|work=The Yorkshire Post|date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211071753/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/yorkshire-s-cathedrals-in-need-of-divine-intervention-as-running-costs-spiral-1-7719067|archive-date=11 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Angry Birds sparks tourism boost hope|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-22614758/lightwater-valley-s-angry-birds-activity-park-sparks-tourism-hope|access-date=10 February 2018|work=BBC News|date=21 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113063033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-22614758/lightwater-valley-s-angry-birds-activity-park-sparks-tourism-hope|archive-date=13 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery class="center">
File:T and R Williamson Ltd - Varnish and Enamel Works - geograph.org.uk - 1246120.jpg|The T & R Williamson Ltd Varnish and Enamel Works
File:The Arcade, Ripon - geograph.org.uk - 724791.jpg|The Arcade shopping centre
File:Flats on Allhallowgate, Ripon (geograph 6039756).jpg|Apartment building on Allhallowgate
</gallery>
[[File:Historic Allhallowgate.jpg|thumb|Historic Allhallowgate June 2023]]
[[File:Ripon Workhouse Museum June 2023.jpg|thumb|Ripon Workhouse Museum]]