Editing Rio de Janeiro (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Rio de Janeiro|Timeline of Rio de Janeiro}}

{{Quote box |width=20em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE |title=Historical affiliations|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon|POR|1640}} [[Portuguese Empire]] 1565–1815<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves (1815-1825).svg|border}} [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] 1815–1822<br>{{flag|Empire of Brazil}} 1822–1889<br>{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Republic of Brazil]] 1889–present
}}

=== Pre-Cabraline period ===
{{main|Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil}}
The region of Rio was inhabited by the [[Tupi people|Tupi]], [[Purí people|Puri]], [[Botocudo people|Botocudo]] and [[Maxakalí language|Maxakalí]] peoples.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zimring |first=Carl A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VifrCgAAQBAJ&q=Tupi%2C+Puri%2C+Botocudo+and+Maxakal%C3%AD&pg=PT750 |title=Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste: The Social Science of Garbage |date=27 February 2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781506338279 |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002064218/https://books.google.com/books?id=VifrCgAAQBAJ&q=Tupi%2C+Puri%2C+Botocudo+and+Maxakal%C3%AD&pg=PT750#v=snippet&q=Tupi%2C%20Puri%2C%20Botocudo%20and%20Maxakal%C3%AD&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Colonial period ===
[[File:Palácio Pedro Ernesto - Fundação da Cidade.jpg|left|thumb|Founding of Rio de Janeiro on 1 March 1565]]
Europeans first encountered [[Guanabara Bay]] on 1 January 1502 (hence Rio de Janeiro, "January River"), during a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] expedition under explorer [[Gaspar de Lemos]], captain of a ship in [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]'s fleet, or under [[Gonçalo Coelho]].<ref>Jorge Couto, 1995, ''A Construção do Brasil'', Lisbon: Cosmos.</ref> Allegedly the Florentine explorer [[Amerigo Vespucci]] participated as an observer at the invitation of [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]] in the same expedition.

In 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called [[Villegagnon Island]], was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French [[admiral]] [[Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon]]. Consequently, Villegagnon built [[Fort Coligny]] on the island when attempting to establish the [[France Antarctique]] colony. Eventually this French settlement became too much of a threat to the established Portuguese colony and in 1560 the order was made to get rid of them. A years-long military aggression was then initiated by the new Governor General of Brazil Mem De Sa, and later continued by his nephew Estacio De Sa. On 20 January 1567, a final defeat was imposed on the French forces and they were decisively expelled from Brazil for good.
[[File:Cais_do_Valongo_e_da_Imperatriz.jpg|thumb|left|Between 500 thousand and one million slaves landed at [[Valongo Wharf]] through the [[Atlantic slave trade]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/world/americas/rios-race-to-future-intersects-slave-past.html|title=Rio's Race to Future Intersects Slave Past|last=Romero|first=Simon|date=2014-03-08|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2017-04-10|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717100027/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/world/americas/rios-race-to-future-intersects-slave-past.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
]]
The city of Rio de Janeiro proper was founded on 1 March 1565 by the Portuguese, led by [[Estácio de Sá]], including {{ill|Antônio de Mariz|pt}}. It was named ''São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro'', in honour of St. Sebastian, the [[Saint's name|saint who was the namesake and patron]] of the Portuguese then-monarch [[Sebastian of Portugal|Sebastião]]. ''Rio de Janeiro'' was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several mostly French pirates and buccaneers, such as [[Jean-François Duclerc]] and [[René Duguay-Trouin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Rio |url=http://www.paralumun.com/citrio.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227075155/http://www.paralumun.com/citrio.htm |archive-date=27 December 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Paralumun.com}}</ref>

In the late 17th century, still during the Sugar Era, the [[Bandeirantes]] discovered gold and diamonds in the neighboring [[captaincy]] of [[Minas Gerais]], thus Rio de Janeiro became a much more practical port for exporting wealth (gold, precious stones, besides the sugar) than [[Salvador, Bahia]], much farther northeast. On 27 January 1763,<ref name="RobinsonRobinson2014">{{Cite book |last1=Alex Robinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joc_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Rio de Janeiro Footprint Focus Guide: Includes Maracana Stadium, Copacabana, Paraty, Ilha Grande, Ipanema |last2=Gardenia Robinson |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-909268-88-3 |page=28 |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002064218/https://books.google.com/books?id=joc_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The city remained primarily a colonial capital until 1808, when the Portuguese royal family and most of the associated [[Lisbon]] nobles, fleeing from [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]]'s invasion of Portugal, [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|moved]] to Rio de Janeiro.

===Portuguese royal period===
{{main|Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil}}
The kingdom's capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, became the only European capital outside of [[Europe]]. As there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sobrinho |first=Wanderley Preite |date=3 March 2008 |title=Chegada da família real portuguesa muda a arquitetura do Rio |trans-title=Arrival of the Portuguese royal family changes Rio's architecture |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u372084.shtml |access-date=17 April 2010 |website=[[Folha de S. Paulo]] |language=pt |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515024757/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u372084.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first decade, several educational establishments were created, such as the Military Academy, the Royal School of Sciences, Arts and Crafts and the [[Academia Imperial de Belas Artes|Imperial Academy of Fine Arts]], as well as the [[National Library of Brazil]] – with the largest collection in [[Latin America]]<ref name="BNB">{{Cite web |title=Apresentação da Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil |trans-title=Presenting Brazil's National Library |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/fbn/presentacion.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119091854/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/FBN/presentacion.shtml |archive-date=19 January 2010 |access-date=10 October 2012 |publisher=Fundação Biblioteca Nacional |language=pt}}</ref> – and The [[Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden|Botanical Garden]]. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the {{Lang|pt|[[Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro]]}}, came into circulation during this period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2007 |title=199 anos do primeiro jornal impresso no Brasil |trans-title=199 years of Brazil's first printed newspaper |url=http://www.jornalorebate.com.br/site/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1083 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240526073527/https://www.webcitation.org/6BJycK9Vh?url=http://www.jornalorebate.com.br/site/index2.php%3Foption=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1083 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=10 October 2012 |website=O Rebate |language=pt}}</ref> When Brazil was elevated to Kingdom in 1815, it became the capital of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] until the return of the [[Portuguese Royal Family]] to [[Lisbon]] in 1821, but remained as capital of the [[Kingdom of Brazil]].<ref name="HCRJ">{{Cite book |last=Coaracy |first=Vivaldo |title=Memória da cidade do Rio de Janeiro |year=1955 |editor-last=Livraria José Olympio Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |page=584}}</ref>

From the colonial period until the first independent era, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was a large influx of [[Slavery in Brazil|African slaves]] to Rio de Janeiro: in 1819, there were 145,000 slaves in the captaincy. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A África civiliza |url=http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/africa_civiliza.html |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Secretaria Municipal de Educação da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |archive-date=7 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107001757/http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/africa_civiliza.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1811 and 1831, 500,000 to a million slaves arrived in Rio de Janeiro through [[Valongo Wharf]], which is now a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1548 |title=Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site |website=UNESCO World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708160538/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1548/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tour Rio De Janeiro's Oldest Slave Port With This New App |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/07/18/537948535/tour-rio-de-janeiros-oldest-slave-port-with-this-new-app |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=NPR.org |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914094811/https://www.npr.org/2017/07/18/537948535/tour-rio-de-janeiros-oldest-slave-port-with-this-new-app |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Imperial period ===
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Nicola Antonio Facchinetti - Enseada do Botafogo.JPG
| caption1          = Botafogo Bay in 1869
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| caption2          = Botafogo Bay in 1889
}}

When [[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro]] proclaimed the [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|independence of Brazil]] in 1822, he decided to keep Rio de Janeiro as the capital of his [[Empire of Brazil|new empire]] while the place was enriched with sugar cane agriculture in the Campos region and, especially, with the new coffee cultivation in the [[Paraíba Valley]].<ref name="HCRJ" /> In order to separate the province from the capital of the Empire, the city was converted in Neutral Municipality in 1834, passing the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|province of Rio de Janeiro]] to have [[Niterói]] as capital.<ref name="HCRJ" />

As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire. It was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century.<ref name="HCRJ" /> At that time the number of slaves was drastically reduced and the city was developed, with modern drains, animal trams, train stations crossing the city, gas and electric lighting, telephone and telegraph wiring, water and river plumbing.<ref name="HCRJ" /> Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|replaced]] by a republic.

On 6 February 1889 the Bangu Textile Factory was founded, with the name of Industrial Progress Company of Brazil (Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil). The factory was officially opened on 8 March 1893, in a complex with varying architectural styles like [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]], [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]] and a tower in [[Mansard roof|Mansard Roof]] style. After the opening in 1893, workers from [[Great Britain]] arrived in Bangu to work in the textile factory. The old farms became worker villages with red-bricks houses, and a neo-gothic church was created, which still exists as the Saint Sebastian and Saint Cecilia Parish Church. Street cinemas and cultural buildings also appeared. In May 1894, [[Thomas Donohoe]], a British worker from [[Busby, East Renfrewshire|Busby]], Scotland, arrived in Bangu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Who is the true father of football in Brazil? |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24537173 |access-date=25 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101115817/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24537173 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Donohoe was amazed to discover that there was absolutely no knowledge of football among Brazilians. So he wrote to his wife, Elizabeth, asking her to bring a football when she joined him. And shortly after her arrival, in September 1894, the first football match in Brazil took place in the field beside the textile factory. It was a five-a-side match between British workers, and took place six months before the first game organized by [[Charles William Miller|Charles Miller]] in São Paulo. However, the Bangu Football Club was not formally created until 1904.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangu Athletic Club History [Portuguese] |url=http://www.bangu-ac.com.br/historia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101115818/http://www.bangu-ac.com.br/historia.htm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

===Republican period===
[[File:Rio de Janeiro ca1910s photo from USA Library of Congress 19301u.jpg|thumb|Rio de Janeiro, {{circa}} 1910s]]

At the time Brazil's [[First Brazilian Republic|Old Republic]] was established, the city lacked [[urban planning]] and [[sanitation]], which helped spread several diseases, such as [[yellow fever]], [[dysentery]], [[variola]], [[tuberculosis]] and even [[black death]]. [[Francisco Pereira Passos|Pereira Passos]], who was named mayor in 1902, imposed reforms to modernize the city, demolishing the [[cortiço]]s where most of the poor population lived. These people then moved to live in the city's hills, creating the first [[favelas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Suppia |first1=Alfredo |last2=Scarabello |first2=Marília |date=7 May 2014 |title=As reformas do Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX |publisher=Universidade Virtual do Estado de São Paulo |language=pt |url=http://pre.univesp.br/as-reformas-do-rio-de-janeiro-no-inicio-do-seculo-xx#.WP3sUfnysdU |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523110959/http://pre.univesp.br/as-reformas-do-rio-de-janeiro-no-inicio-do-seculo-xx#.WP3sUfnysdU |archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> Inspired by the city of [[Paris]], Passos built the [[Theatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro)|Municipal Theatre]], the [[Museu Nacional de Belas Artes|National Museum of Fine Arts]] and the [[National Library of Brazil|National Library]] in the city's center; brought [[electric power]] to Rio and created larger avenues to adapt the city to [[automobiles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reforma Urbanística de Pereira Passos, o Rio com cara de Paris |url=http://educacao.globo.com/artigo/reforma-urbanistica-de-pereira-passos-o-rio-com-cara-de-paris.html |publisher=[[Grupo Globo]] |language=pt |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231052142/http://educacao.globo.com/artigo/reforma-urbanistica-de-pereira-passos-o-rio-com-cara-de-paris.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Passos also named [[Oswaldo Cruz]] as Director General of Public Health. Cruz's plans to clean the city of diseases included compulsory vaccination of the entire population and forced entry into houses to kill mosquitoes and rats. The people of the city rebelled against Cruz's policy, in what would be known as the [[Vaccine Revolt]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabral dos Santos |first=Marco |date=31 July 2005 |title=Revolta da Vacina: Oswaldo Cruz e Pereira Passos tentam sanear Rio |url=https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/revolta-da-vacina-oswaldo-cruz-e-pereira-passos-tentam-sanear-rio.htm |website=UOL Educação |language=pt |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425032844/https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/revolta-da-vacina-oswaldo-cruz-e-pereira-passos-tentam-sanear-rio.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Aqueduto da Carioca, Santa Teresa e Glória (007A5P3F13-029).jpg|thumb|[[Carioca Aqueduct]] in the 1920s]]

In 1910, Rio saw the [[Revolt of the Lash]], where [[Afro-Brazilian]] crew members in the [[Brazilian Navy]] mutinied against the heavy use of [[corporal punishment]], which was similar to the punishment slaves received. The mutineers took control of the [[Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes|battleship ''Minas Geraes'']] and threatened to fire on the city. Another military revolt occurred in 1922, the [[Copacabana Fort revolt]], a march against the Old Republic's [[coronelism]] and [[café com leite politics]]. This revolt marked the beginning of [[Tenentism]], a movement that resulted in the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930]] that started the [[Vargas Era]].

Until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighborhood now known as the historic city center (see below), on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. The city's center of gravity began to shift south and west to the so-called [[South Zone (Rio de Janeiro)|Zona Sul]] (South Zone) in the early part of the 20th century, when the first tunnel was built under the mountains between [[Botafogo]] and the neighborhood that is now known as [[Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)|Copacabana]]. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rio's streetcar transit system after 1905.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boone |first=Christopher G |year=1995 |title=Streetcars and Politics in Rio de Janeiro: Private Enterprise versus Municipal Government in Mass Transit Delivery, 1903–1920 |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–365 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x00010786 |s2cid=145351010 |issn=0022-216X}}</ref> Botafogos natural environment, combined with the fame of the [[Copacabana Palace]] Hotel, ''the'' luxury hotel of the Americas in the 1930s, helped Rio to gain the reputation it still holds today as a beach party town. This reputation has been somewhat tarnished in recent years by favela violence resulting from the narcotics trade and [[Brazilian police militias|militias]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2009 |title=Drugs and violence in Rio: The bottom line |newspaper=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14700720 |access-date=21 January 2010 |archive-date=14 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114042850/http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14700720 |url-status=live }}{{Subscription required}}</ref>

[[File:Tanques ocupam a Avenida Presidente Vargas, 1968-04-04.jpg|thumb|A convoy of [[M41 Walker Bulldog]] tanks along the streets of the city in 1968 during the [[Brazilian military government|military rule]]. At the time, Rio de Janeiro was a city-state, capital of [[Guanabara (state)|Guanabara]]]]
Plans for moving the nation's capital city from Rio de Janeiro to the center of Brazil had been occasionally discussed, and when [[Juscelino Kubitschek]] was elected president in 1955, it was partially on the strength of promises to build a new capital.<ref>[http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_jk/htm/biografias/juscelino_kubitschek.asp Juscelino Kubitschek and the city of Rio de Janeiro] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315094527/http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_jk/htm/biografias/juscelino_kubitschek.asp |date=15 March 2015 }}</ref> Though many thought that it was just [[Political campaign|campaign]] rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília and a new [[Distrito Federal (Brazil)|Federal District]] built, at great cost, by 1960. On 21 April of that year, the capital of Brazil was officially moved to Brasília. The territory of the former Federal District became its own state, Guanabara, after the bay that borders it to the east, encompassing just the city of Rio de Janeiro. After the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|1964 coup d'état]] that installed a [[Brazilian military government|military dictatorship]], the [[city-state]] was the only state left in Brazil to oppose the military. Then, in 1975, a presidential decree known as "The Fusion" removed the city's federative status and merged it with the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|State of Rio de Janeiro]], with the city of Rio de Janeiro replacing [[Niterói]] as the state's capital, and establishing the [[Greater Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2013 |title=Em 15 de março de 1975, Guanabara e Rio se transformaram num único estado |url=http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/fatos-historicos/em-15-de-marco-de-1975-guanabara-rio-se-transformaram-num-unico-estado-10121382 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=Acervo O Globo |publisher=[[O Globo]] |language=pt |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121223526/http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/fatos-historicos/em-15-de-marco-de-1975-guanabara-rio-se-transformaram-num-unico-estado-10121382 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1992, Rio hosted the [[Earth Summit]], a [[United Nations]] conference to fight [[environmental degradation]]. Twenty years later, in 2012, the city hosted another conference on [[sustainable development]], named [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]]. The city hosted the [[World Youth Day 2013|World Youth Day in 2013]], the second [[World Youth Day]] in [[South America]] and first in Brazil. In the sports field, Rio de Janeiro was the host of the [[2007 Pan American Games]] and the [[2014 FIFA World Cup Final]]. On 2 October 2009, the [[International Olympic Committee]] [[Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics|announced]] that Rio de Janeiro would host the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympic Games]] and the [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016 Paralympic Games]], beating competitors [[Chicago]], [[Tokyo]], and [[Madrid]]. The city became the first South American city to host the event and the second Latin American city (after [[Mexico City]] in [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]) to host the Games. Since the early 2010s, Rio de Janeiro has been inscribed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] for its arts, urban culture and [[designed landscape]]s set around a natural environment.