Editing Right-wing politics (section)

== Positions ==
The following positions are typically associated with right-wing politics.

=== Anti-communism ===
Early [[Communism|communists]] used the term "right-wing" in reference to conservatives, placing the conservatives on the right, the liberals in the centre and the communists on the left. Both the conservatives and the liberals were strongly [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], although the conservatives' anti-communism was much stronger than liberals'. The history of the use of the term ''right-wing'' about anti-communism is a complicated one.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hendershot|first1=Cyndy|title=Anti-Communism and Popular Culture in Mid-Century America|date=2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786414406|location=Jefferson, N.C.}}</ref>

Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the [[Europe]]an continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the ''[[The Communist Manifesto|Communist Manifesto]]'', which began "[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the [[Russian Empire]], the [[German Empire]], and [[Austria-Hungary]], the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe before [[World War I]]. Many monarchists (except [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchists]]) viewed inequality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.
[[File:За единую Россію.jpg|thumb|[[Anti-communism|Anti-communist]] propaganda poster depicting the [[White movement]] which says "For a united Russia", 1919]]
By [[World War I]], in most European monarchies the [[divine right of kings]] had become discredited and was replaced by [[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[Nationalism|nationalist]] movements. Most European monarchs became figureheads, or they yielded some power to elected governments. The most conservative European monarchy, the Russian Empire, was replaced by the communist [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Russian Revolution]] inspired a series of other [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|communist revolutions across Europe in the years 1917–1923]]. Many of these, such as the [[German Revolution]], were defeated by nationalist and monarchist military units. During this period, nationalism began to be considered right-wing, especially when it opposed the internationalism of the communists.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revolutions / 1.0 / handbook |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/revolutions/#toc_russia |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=1914-1918-Online (WW1) Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref>

The 1920s and 1930s saw the decline of traditional right-wing politics. The mantle of conservative anti-communism was taken up by the rising [[Fascism|fascist]] movements on the one hand and by American-inspired [[Liberal conservatism|liberal conservatives]] on the other. When communist groups and political parties began appearing around the world, their opponents were usually [[Colonialism|colonial authorities]] and the term ''right-wing'' came to be applied to [[colonialism]].

After [[World War II]], communism became a global phenomenon and anti-communism became an integral part of the domestic and foreign policies of the [[United States]] and its [[NATO]] allies. Conservatism in the post-war era abandoned its monarchist and aristocratic roots, focusing instead on patriotism, religious values, and nationalism. Throughout the [[Cold War]], postcolonial governments in [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]] turned to the United States for political and economic support. Communists were also enemies of capitalism, portraying [[Wall Street]] as the oppressor of the masses. The United States made anti-communism the top priority of its foreign policy, and many American conservatives sought to combat what they saw as communist influence at home. This led to the adoption of several domestic policies that are collectively known under the term ''[[McCarthyism]]''. While both liberals and conservatives were anti-communist, the followers of Senator McCarthy were called ''right-wing'' and those on the right called liberals who favoured free speech, even for communists, ''leftist''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Nunberg|first=Geoffrey|date=17 April 2003|title=Sticks and Stones; The Defanging of a Radical Epithet|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/weekinreview/sticks-and-stones-the-defanging-of-a-radical-epithet.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=What was the Cold War—and are we headed to another one? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/cold-war |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=Culture |language=en}}</ref>

=== Economics ===
{{Main|Capitalism|Corporatism}}
[[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|[[Plato]] (left) and [[Aristotle]] (right)]]
Early forms of corporatism would be developed in [[Classical Greece]] and used in [[Ancient Rome]]. Plato would develop the ideas of [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] corporatist systems of natural based classes and social hierarchies that would be organized based on function, such that groups would cooperate to achieve social harmony by emphasizing [[Collectivism|collectives]] interests over [[Individualism|individual]] interests.<ref>Adler, Franklin Hugh. ''Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906–34''. p. 349.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Wiarda|first=Howard J.|title=Corporatism and comparative politics: the other great "ism"|date=1997|publisher=Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-716-3|series=Comparative politics series|location=Armonk, NY}}</ref> Corporatism as a [[political ideology]] advocates the organization of society by [[Corporate group (sociology)|corporate groups]]—such as agricultural, labour, military, scientific, or guild associations—based on their common interests.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wiarda|first=Howard J.|url=https://archive.org/details/corporatismcompa0000wiar|title=Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great "Ism"|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|year=1997|pages=27,141}}</ref><ref name="Clarke, Paul A. B. 2001. Pp. 113">Clarke, Paul A. B; Foweraker, Joe. ''Encyclopedia of democratic thought''. [[London, UK]]; [[New York (state)|New York]]: [[Routledge]], 2001. Pp. 113</ref>

After the [[Decline of Rome|decline of the Western Roman Empire]] corporatism became limited to [[religious order]]s and to the idea of Christian brotherhood, especially in the context of economic transactions.<ref name=":0" /> From the [[High Middle Ages]] onwards corporatist organizations became increasingly common in Europe, including such groups as religious orders, [[Monastery|monasteries]], [[Confraternity|fraternities]], [[Military order (religious society)|military orders]] such as the [[Knights Templar]] and the [[Teutonic Order]], educational organizations such as the emerging [[University|universities]] and [[Learned society|learned societies]], the [[Municipal charter|chartered]] [[German town law|towns]] and [[Free imperial city|cities]], and most notably the [[Guild|guild system]] which dominated the economics of population centers in [[Europe]].<ref name=":0" />

In post-revolutionary France, the Right fought against the rising power of those who had grown rich through commerce, and sought to preserve the rights of the hereditary nobility. They were uncomfortable with capitalism, the Enlightenment, individualism, and industrialism, and fought to retain traditional social hierarchies and institutions.<ref name="Parliaments 1988 pp. 287–302" /><ref name="Appleby">{{cite book|last1=Marty|first1=Martin E.|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|last2=Appleby|first2=R. Scott|date=1994|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-50878-8|edition=2nd|location=Chicago|page=91|quote=Reactionary right-wing themes emphasizing authority, social hierarchy, and obedience, as well as condemnations of liberalism, the democratic ethos, the "rights of man" associated with the legacy of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and the political and cultural ethos of modern liberal democracy are especially prominent in the writings and public statements of Archbishop Lefebvre.}}</ref> In Europe's history, there have been strong [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]] right-wing movements, such as in the [[Catholic social teaching|social Catholic right]], that have exhibited hostility to all forms of [[liberalism]] (including [[economic liberalism]]) and have historically advocated for paternalist class harmony involving an organic-hierarchical society where workers are protected while class hierarchy remains.<ref>Holland, J., ''Modern Catholic Social Teaching: The Popes Confront the Industrial Age'', 1740–1958. Paulist Press, 2003, p. 132.</ref>

In the 19th century, the Right had shifted to support the newly rich in some European countries (particularly Britain) and instead of favouring the nobility over industrialists, favoured capitalists over the working class. Other right-wing movements—such as [[Carlism]] in Spain and nationalist movements in France, Germany, and Russia—remained hostile to capitalism and industrialism. Nevertheless, a few right-wing movements—notably the French [[Nouvelle Droite]], [[CasaPound]], and American [[paleoconservatism]]—are often in opposition to capitalist ethics and the effects they have on society. These forces see capitalism and industrialism as infringing upon or causing the decay of social traditions or hierarchies that are essential for social order.<ref name="Fascism">{{cite book|last1=Payne|first1=Stanley G.|title=Fascism: Comparison and Definition|date=1983|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=978-0-299-08064-8|location=Madison, Wisc.|page=19|quote=Right radicals and conservative authoritarians almost without exception became corporatists in formal doctrines of political economy, but the fascists were less explicit and in general less schematic.}}</ref>

==== ''Laissez-faire'' schools ====
{{Main|Austrian school of economics|Chicago school of economics}}
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| footer            = L–R: [[Milton Friedman]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]], 20th century economists belonging to the [[Chicago school of economics|Chicago]] and [[Austrian school of economics|Austrian]] schools of economics
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In modern times, "right-wing" is sometimes used to describe [[Laissez-faire|''laissez-faire'' capitalism]]. In Europe, capitalists formed alliances with the Right during their conflicts with workers after 1848. In 1871, the Austrian school came to be with the work of [[Carl Menger]], [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk]], [[Friedrich von Wieser]], and others,<ref>Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of economic analysis, Oxford University Press 1996, {{ISBN|978-0195105599}}.</ref> originating from methodologically opposition to the [[Historical school of economics|Historical school]], in a dispute known as ''[[Methodenstreit]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Birner |first1=Jack |url=https://archive.org/details/hayekcoordinatio0000unse |title=Hayek, Co-ordination and Evolution: His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas |last2=van Zijp |first2=Rudy |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-09397-2 |location=London, New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/hayekcoordinatio0000unse/page/94 94]}}</ref> The Austrian school opposition to be [[Heterodox economics|heterodox]],<ref name="Boettke and Leeson">{{Cite book |last1=Boettke |first1=Peter J. |title=A Companion to the History of Economic Thought |last2=Leeson |first2=Peter T. |author2-link=Peter T. Leeson |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-22573-7 |editor=Samuels |editor-first=Warren |editor-link=Warren Samuels |pages=446–452 |chapter=28A: The Austrian School of Economics 1950–2000 |editor2=Biddle |editor-first2=Jeff E. |editor3=Davis |editor-first3=John B. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3H8gBQv5MysC&pg=PA445}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 31, 2011 |title=Heterodox economics: Marginal revolutionaries |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21542174 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222004727/http://www.economist.com/node/21542174 |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |access-date=February 22, 2012 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Denis |first1=Andy |date=2008 |title=Dialectics and the Austrian School: A Surprising Commonality in the Methodology of Heterodox Economics? |url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/3961/ |journal=The Journal of Philosophical Economics |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=151–173 |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref> advocating strict adherence to [[methodological individualism]], the concept that social phenomena result primarily from the motivations and actions of individuals along with their [[self interest]]. Austrian-school theorists hold that economic theory should be exclusively derived from basic principles of human action.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menger |first1=Carl |url=https://cdn.mises.org/principles_of_economics.pdf |title=Principles of Economics |publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute |year=2007 |location=Auburn, Alabama |language=en-us |translator-last1=Dingwall |translator-first1=James |orig-date=1871 |translator-last2=Hoselitz |translator-first2=Bert F.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Joseph |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/methodological-individualism/ |title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=1 May 2018 |via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref><ref name="Mises_Action">Ludwig von Mises. [[Human Action]], p. 11, "Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction". Referenced 2011-11-23.</ref>

In France, the Right's support of capitalism can be traced to the late 19th century.<ref name="Knapp" /> The so-called [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] Right, popularised by [[US President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[UK Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]], combines support for [[free markets]], [[privatisation]], and [[deregulation]] with traditional right-wing support for social conformity.<ref name="Lukes" />

=== Nationalism ===
{{Main|Nationalism|Neo-nationalism}}
[[File:Darwin restored2.jpg|thumb|Darwin's biological concepts of [[natural selection]] and [[survival of the fittest]] were sought applied to sociology, economics and politics ([[social Darwinism]])<ref>{{cite book |author=Williams, Raymond |title=Herbert Spencer: Critical Assessment |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=9780415181846 |editor=John Offer |location=London; New York |pages=186–199 |chapter=Social Darwinism}}</ref>]]
In France, [[nationalism]] was originally a left-wing and republican ideology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=William|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl|title=The Oxford History of the French Revolution|date=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-925298-5|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [u.a.]|quote="An exuberant, uncompromising nationalism lay behind France's revolutionary expansion in the 1790s...", "The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign; and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed it has conquered the world."}}</ref> After [[Georges Ernest Boulanger|the period of ''boulangisme'']] and the [[Dreyfus affair]], nationalism became a trait of the right-wing.<ref>[[Michel Winock|Winock, Michel]] (dir.), ''Histoire de l'extrême droite en France'' (1993).</ref> Right-wing nationalists sought to define and defend a "true" national identity from elements which they believed were corrupting that identity.<ref name="Knapp" /> Some were [[supremacism|supremacists]], who in accordance with [[scientific racism]] and [[social Darwinism]] applied the concept of "[[survival of the fittest]]" to [[nations]] and [[race (human categorization)|races]].<ref>Adams, Ian ''Political Ideology Today'' (2nd edition), Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 68.</ref>

Right-wing nationalism was influenced by [[Romantic nationalism]] in which the state derives its political legitimacy from the organic unity of those who it governs. This generally includes the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation, all of which were "born" within its culture. Linked with right-wing nationalism is [[cultural conservatism]], which supports the preservation of the heritage of a nation or culture and often sees deviations from cultural norms as an existential threat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramet|first1=Sabrina|title=The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989|last2=Griffin|first2=Roger|date=1999|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]]|isbn=978-0271018119|location=University Park}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}

In the 21st century, [[neo-nationalism]] came to prominence after the [[Cold War]] in the [[Western world]]. It is typically associated with cultural conservatism, [[right-wing populism|populism]], [[anti-globalization movement|anti-globalization]], and [[nativism (politics)|nativism]] and is [[anti-immigration|opposed to immigration]]. The [[ideology]] takes historical association in determining membership in a nation, rather than [[racism|racial concepts]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barber|first=Tony|date=2016-07-11|title=A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/53fc4518-4520-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1|access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Neo-Nationalism - ECPS|url=https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/neo-nationalism/|access-date=2023-09-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Natural law and traditionalism ===

Right-wing politics typically justifies a hierarchical society based on [[natural law]] or [[tradition]].<ref name="T. Alexander Smith 2003. p. 30" /><ref name="Allan Cameron pg. 37" /><ref name="Fuchs, D. 1990. p. 203"/><ref name="Lukes" /><ref name="Clark"/><ref name="autogenerated68">''Left and right: the significance of a political distinction'', Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, pg. 68, [[University of Chicago Press]], 1997.</ref>

Traditionalism was advocated by a group of United States university professors (labelled the "New Conservatives" by the popular press) who rejected the concepts of [[individualism]], [[liberalism]], [[modernity]], and [[social progress]], seeking instead to promote what they identified as cultural and educational renewal<ref>Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed. (2006) ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'' Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, p. 870.</ref> and a revived interest in concepts perceived by traditionalists as truths that endure from age to age alongside basic institutions of western society such as the church, the family, the state, and business.

=== Populism ===
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[[Right-wing populism]] is a combination of [[Civic nationalism|civic-nationalism]], [[Cultural nationalism|cultural-nationalism]] and sometimes [[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalism]], [[Localism (politics)|localism]], along with [[anti-elitism]], using populist rhetoric to provide a critique of existing political institutions.<ref>[[Cas Mudde|Mudde, Cas]] and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2017) ''Populism: a Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.14-15, 72-73. {{isbn|978-0-19-023487-4}}</ref> According to Margaret Canovan, a right-wing populist is "a charismatic leader, using the tactics of politicians' populism to go past the politicians and intellectual elite and appeal to the reactionary sentiments of the populace, often buttressing his claim to speak for the people by the use of referendums".<ref name="Canovan">{{cite book|last1=Canovan|first1=Margaret|url=https://archive.org/details/populism00cano|title=Populism|date=1981|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0151730780|edition=1st|location=New York}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}

In Europe, right-wing populism often takes the form of distrust of the [[European Union]], and of politicians in general, combined with [[anti-immigrant]] rhetoric and a call for a return to traditional, national values.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hayward|first1=Jack|title=Elitism, Populism, and European Politics|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198280354|location=Oxford}}</ref> Daniel Stockemer states, the radical right is, "Targeting immigrants as a threat to employment, security and cultural cohesion".<ref name="Daniel Stockemer 2016">Daniel Stockemer, "Structural data on immigration or immigration perceptions? What accounts for the electoral success of the radical right in Europe?." ''JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies'' 54.4 (2016): 999-1016.</ref>

In the United States, the [[Tea Party movement]] stated that the core beliefs for membership were the primacy of individual liberties as defined by the Constitution of the United States, preference for a small federal government, and respect for the rule of law. Some policy positions included opposition to illegal immigration and support for a strong national military force, the right to individual gun ownership, cutting taxes, reducing government spending, and balancing the budget.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2004|title=About Us|url=http://www.teaparty.org/about-us/|access-date=15 November 2016|publisher=Tea Party}}</ref>

In Indonesia, Islamic populism has a significant impact on right-wing politics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hadiz |first=Vedi R. |date=2018-08-08 |title=Imagine All the People? Mobilising Islamic Populism for Right-Wing Politics in Indonesia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=566–583 |doi=10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225 |issn=0047-2336}}</ref> This is largely due to the historical context which Islamic organizations had during the 1960s in destroying the Indonesian Communist Party.<ref name=":1" /> Whilst the party is adopting democratic processes with neo-liberal market economies, socially pluralist positions aren't necessarily adopted.<ref name=":1" /> The Islamic populism in Indonesia has boosted its influence in 1998 after the demise of the Suharto authoritarian regime.<ref name=":1" /> Islamic populism in Indonesia has similar properties with Islamic populist regimes like in the Middle East, Turkey and North Africa (MENA).<ref name=":1" /> The emphasis on social justice, pluralism, equality and progressive agendas could be potentially mobilized by Islamic cultural resources.<ref name=":1" /> 

In India, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] supporters have more authoritarian, nativist, and populist ideas than other Indian citizens.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Ammassari |first1=Sofia |last2=Fossati |first2=Diego |last3=McDonnell |first3=Duncan |date=October 2023 |title=Supporters of India's BJP: Distinctly Populist and Nativist |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X22000185/type/journal_article |journal=Government and Opposition |language=en |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=807–823 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.18 |issn=0017-257X}}</ref> Under Narendra Modi, the BJP, populism is a core part of the party's ideology.<ref name=":2" /> The main populist idea is that the ordinary, "good" individuals are continuously under attack from the "bad" political forces, media, etc.<ref name=":2" /> Since Narendra Modi became the leader of the BJP, it has increasingly been associated as a populist radical right party (PRR), however, traditionally the party was viewed as a Hindu nationalist party.<ref name=":2" />

=== Religion ===
Philosopher and diplomat [[Joseph de Maistre]] argued for the indirect authority of the [[Pope]] over temporal matters. According to Maistre, only governments which were founded upon Christian constitutions—which were implicit in the customs and institutions of all European societies, especially the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] European monarchies—could avoid the disorder and bloodshed that followed the implementation of [[Rationalism|rationalist]] political programmes, such as the chaos which occurred during the [[French Revolution]]. Some prelates of the [[Church of England]]–established by [[Henry VIII]] and headed by the current sovereign—are given seats in the [[House of Lords]] (as [[Lords Spiritual]]), but they are considered politically neutral rather than specifically right- or left-wing.

In ''[[Demons (Dostoevsky novel)|The Possessed]]'' (1872) and ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'' (1880), [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] portrayed socialism as an attempt to build a kingdom of Man as opposed to [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)|kingdom of God]]. According to Dostoevsky himself, the intention of the latter book was to portray "the seed of the idea of destruction in our time in Russia among the young people uprooted from reality". This seed is depicted as: "the rejection not of God but of the meaning of His creation. Socialism has sprung from the denial of the meaning of historical reality and ended in a programme of destruction and anarchism".<ref>Letter of May 10, 1879, quoted in {{cite book |last=Frank |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Frank (writer) |title=Dostoevsky A Writer in his Time |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691128191 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran/page/n5/mode/2up |page=788}}</ref>
[[File:Pius XI, by Nicola Perscheid (retouched).jpg|thumb|In ''[[Quadragesimo anno|Quadragesimo Anno]],'' [[Pope Pius XI]] ({{reign|1922|1939}}) declared socialism and communism irreconcilable with Christianity]]
In his 1931 encyclical ''[[Quadragesimo anno|Quadragesimo Anno]]'', [[Pope Pius XI]] wrote that "true socialism" was irreconcilable with the teachings of the [[Catholic Church]] "because its concept of society itself is utterly foreign to Christian truth", stating:<ref name="autogenerated122">''Quadragesimo anno'', 115–118</ref>{{Quote|text="For, according to Christian teaching, man, endowed with a social nature, is placed on this earth so that by leading a life in society and under an authority ordained of God he may fully cultivate and develop all his faculties unto the praise and glory of his Creator; and that by faithfully fulfilling the duties of his craft or other calling he may obtain for himself temporal and at the same time eternal happiness. Socialism, on the other hand, wholly ignoring and indifferent to this sublime end of both man and society, affirms that human association has been instituted for the sake of material advantage alone"|author=Pope Pius XI|title=''[[Quadragesimo Anno]]'', 15 May 1931}}American right-wing media outlets oppose sex outside marriage and [[same-sex marriage]], and they sometimes reject scientific positions on [[evolution]] and other matters where science tends to disagree with the [[Bible]].<ref>{{cite book|last=DeGette|first=Diana|url=https://archive.org/details/sexsciencestemce00dege|title=Sex, Science, and Stem Cells: Inside the Right Wing Assault on Reason|publisher=[[The Lyons Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59921-431-3}}</ref><ref>Chris Mooney, ''The Republican War on Science: Revised and Updated'', ASIN: B001OQOIPM</ref>

The term ''[[family values]]'' has been used by right-wing parties—such as the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the United States, the [[Family First Party]] in Australia, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] in the United Kingdom, and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in India—to signify support for traditional families and opposition to the changes the modern world has made in how families live. Supporters of "family values" may oppose [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]], and [[birth control]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America|url=http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523005435/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2012|access-date=23 July 2012|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/07/05/how-did-the-republican-party-become-so-conservative/|title=How did the Republican Party become so conservative?|work=Salon|last=Rozsa|first=Matthew|date=July 5, 2019|access-date=March 7, 2022|quote=To understand how the Republican Party became associated with right-wing politics — and, for that matter, how the Democratic Party became associated with a left-wing, progressive philosophy — it is essential to understand the history of the Grand Old Party.}}</ref>

Outside the West, the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist movement]] has attracted privileged groups which fear encroachment on their dominant positions, as well as "plebeian" and impoverished groups which seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength.<ref>Thomas Blom Hansen, ''The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India'', Princeton University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|1-4008-0342-X}}, 9781400803422.</ref>

In Israel, [[Meir Kahane]] advocated that Israel should be a [[Theocracy|theocratic state]], where non-[[Jews]] have no voting rights,<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel's Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel|url=http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219141224/http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm|archive-date=19 February 2009|quote="Any non-Jew, including the Arabs, can have the status of a foreign resident in Israel if he accepts the law of the Halacha. I don't differentiate between Arabs and non-Arabs. The only difference I make is between Jews and non-Jews. If a non-Jew wants to live here, he must agree to be a foreign resident, be he Arab or not. He does not have and cannot have national rights in Israel. He can have civil rights, social rights, but he cannot be a citizen; he won't have the right to vote. Again, whether he's Arab or not."}}</ref> and the far-right [[Lehava]] strictly opposes Jewish assimilation and the Christian presence in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rubin|first1=Shira|title=Good Will and Peace Towards Men Elusive This Year in Nazareth|url=https://forward.com/news/327875/good-will-and-peace-towards-men-elusive-this-year-in-nazareth/|website=Forward|date=24 December 2015}}</ref> The [[Jewish Defence League]] (JDL) in the United States was classified as "a right wing terrorist group" by the FBI in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001|url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> Many [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups have been called right-wing, including the [[Great Union Party]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Demirtas, Burcu|date=27 March 2009|title=Rescue Teams Could Not Reach Turkish Party Leader, Muhsin Yazicioglu after Helicopter Crash|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305234419/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html|archive-date=5 March 2012|access-date=1 June 2012|publisher=Turkishweekly.net|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[Combatant Clergy Association]]/Association of Militant Clergy,<ref>{{cite web|date=Fall 2007|title=Readings|url=http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083545/http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm|archive-date=6 October 2012|access-date=1 June 2012|publisher=uvm.edu|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 February 2000|author-first1=Jim|author-last1=Muir|title=Poll test for Iran reformists|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/623899.stm|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> and the [[Islamic Society of Engineers]] of Iran.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 May 1997|title=Middle East Report Online: Iran's Conservatives Face the Electorate, by Arang Keshavarzian|url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero020101.html|access-date=13 May 2010|publisher=Merip.org|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030242/http://merip.org/mero/mero020101.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, ''Iran and the rise of its neoconservatives: the politics of Tehran's silent revolution'', I.B. Tauris, 2007.</ref>

=== Social stratification ===
[[File:Kirk 1962.jpg|thumb|[[Russell Kirk]] (1918–1994) in 1962|227x227px]]

Right-wing politics involves, in varying degrees, the rejection of some [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] objectives of [[left-wing politics]], claiming either that [[Social inequality|social]] or [[economic inequality]] is natural and inevitable or that it is beneficial to society.<ref name="autogenerated68" /> Right-wing ideologies and movements support [[social order]]. The original French right-wing was called "the party of order" and held that France needed a strong political leader to keep order.<ref name="Knapp" />

Conservative British scholar R. J. White, who rejects egalitarianism, wrote: "Men are equal before God and the laws, but unequal in all else; hierarchy is the order of nature, and privilege is the reward of honourable service".<ref name="autogenerated2003">Moyra Grant. ''Key Ideas in Politics''. Cheltenham, England, UK: Nelson Thornes, Ltd., 2003. p. 52.</ref> American conservative [[Russell Kirk]] also rejected egalitarianism as imposing sameness, stating: "Men are created different; and a government that ignores this law becomes an unjust government for it sacrifices nobility to mediocrity".<ref name="autogenerated2003" /> Italian scholar [[Norberto Bobbio]] argued that the right-wing is inegalitarian compared to the left-wing, as he argued that equality is a relative, not absolute, concept.<ref>Bobbio, Norberto. Left and right: The significance of a political distinction. University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp.60-62</ref>

[[Right-libertarianism|Right libertarians]] reject collective or state-imposed equality as undermining reward for personal merit, initiative, and enterprise.<ref name="autogenerated2003" /> In their view, such imposed equality is unjust, limits personal freedom, and leads to social uniformity and mediocrity.<ref name="autogenerated2003" />

In the view of philosopher [[Jason Stanley]] in ''[[How Fascism Works]]'', the "politics of hierarchy" is one of the hallmarks of [[fascism]], which refers to a "glorious past" in which members of the rightfully dominant group sat atop the hierarchy, and attempt to recreate this state of being.<ref>[[Jason Stanley|Stanley, Jason]] (2018) ''How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them''. New York: Random House. p.13. {{Isbn|978-0-52551183-0}}</ref>