Editing Richmond, North Yorkshire (section)

==History==
Richmond in North Yorkshire was the [[Honour of Richmond]] of the [[Earl of Richmond|Earls of Richmond]] (or ''comtes de Richemont''), a dignity also held by the [[Duke of Brittany]] from 1136 to 1399.<ref>{{cite web|title=The honour and castle of Richmond {{!}} British History Online|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/north/vol1/pp1-16|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Market Place and Holy Trinity, Richmond.jpg|thumb|View over the Market Place]]
Richmond was founded in 1071<ref name="richmond1">{{cite web|url=http://www.richmond.org/guide/index.html |publisher=Richmond Online |title=Guide to Richmond, Yorkshire|access-date= 14 May 2011}}</ref> by [[Alan Rufus]], a Breton nobleman, on lands granted to him by [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], though it was called ''Hindrelag'' initially.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Richmond Castle {{!}} English Heritage|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/richmond-castle/history/|website=www.english-heritage.org.uk|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> The name derives from [[Old French]] "Riche and Monte", meaning "Strong Hill", which was also the name of a [[Richemont, Seine-Maritime|village]] in [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chrystal|first1=Paul|title=The Place Names of Yorkshire; Cities, Towns, Villages, Rivers and Dales, some Pubs too, in Praise of Yorkshire Ales|date=2017|publisher=Stenlake|location=Catrine| isbn=9781840337532|page=67|edition=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Metcalfe|first=Peter|title=Place-names of the Yorkshire Dales|publisher=North Yorkshire Marketing ltd|date=1992|location=Harrogate|page=66|isbn=1-873214-03-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A. H. |title=The Place Names of the North Riding of Yorkshire |date=1979|orig-date=1928|oclc= 19714705|publisher=English Place Name Society|page=287}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ekwall |first1=Eilert |author-link=Eilert Ekwall |title=The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names |date=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |oclc=1228215388 |page=386 |edition=4}}</ref>Richmond is one of the most commonly re-used English place names: there are 56 other Richmonds around the world.<ref>{{cite news|last=Amos|first=Mike|date=28 May 2013|title=Town crier|work=The Northern Echo|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10447410.Town_crier/|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Richmond Castle was completed in 1086 with a keep and walls encompassing the area now known as the Market Place.

Richmond was part of the lands of the earldom of Richmond, which was intermittently held by the Dukes of Brittany until the 14th century. [[John V, Duke of Brittany]], died in 1399, and [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] took possession. Richmond is one of a few settlements that was spared from being raided by the Scots during [[The Great Raid of 1322]] by bribing them off. In 1453, the earldom was conferred on [[Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond|Edmund Tudor]], and it was merged with the crown when Edmund's son became [[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII]] in 1485. During the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]], the [[Covenanter]] Army led by [[David Leslie, Lord Newark]], took over the castle, and conflict ensued between local Catholics and Scottish Presbyterians.

In 1608, Robert Willance became the first [[alderman]] of Richmond, two years prior in 1606, whilst hunting on the nearby Whitcliffe Scar, the horse Willance was riding became nervous when thick mist descended, bolting over the edge and falling over {{convert|200|ft}} to the valley floor, Willance survived this fall with a broken leg and erected a monument on top of the cliff as a show of gratitude for his survival.<ref>{{cite web|title=Northern Echo walks|url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/resources/files/37895/|date=16 October 2020|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Willance died in 1616.

The prosperity of the medieval town and centre of the [[Swaledale]] wool industry greatly increased in the late 17th and 18th centuries with the burgeoning lead mining industry in nearby [[Arkengarthdale]]. It is from this period that the town's [[Georgian architecture]] originates, the most notable examples of which are to be found on Newbiggin and in Frenchgate.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fletcher|first=Terry|title=Ten reasons to love Richmond|url=http://www.yorkshirelife.co.uk/out-about/places/ten-reasons-to-love-richmond-1-2019501|website=yorkshirelife.co.uk|access-date=30 April 2018|date=16 April 2013}}</ref> One of Europe's first gas works was built in the town in 1830.<ref name="richmond1"/> A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of [[Richmond Barracks, North Yorkshire|Richmond Barracks]] in 1877.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exhibition to tell story of barracks|date=29 April 2008|url=http://www.northyorkshirenews.com/news/local/exhibition-to-tell-story-of-barracks-1-2648817|publisher=North Yorkshire News|access-date= 13 November 2014}}</ref>

During the [[World War I|First World War]], Richmond's own [[Green Howards|Green Howards Regiment]] raised 24 battalions for the war effort, the castle assumed a role as a barracks and training camp for new recruits and members of the [[Non-Combatant Corps]], in 1915, the first troops occupied the area south of Richmond in what was to become [[Catterick Camp]], the planning of which was commissioned by [[Lord Baden Powell]] during his residence at the town's barracks.

In 1916, a group of "absolutist" [[conscientious objector]]s known as the [[Richmond Sixteen]] were held at the castle after refusing to undertake even non-combatant military duties. After being transported to [[France]], they were [[court-martial]]led and formally sentenced to be executed by [[firing squad]], but this sentence was immediately commuted to ten years' [[Penal labour|penal servitude]], and the men were eventually released in 1919. Richmond Castle's 19th-century cell block continued to be used to house prisoners into the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Richmond Castle Graffiti|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/richmond-castle/richmond-graffiti/|website=English Heritage|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

In June 1927, Richmond was a centre line of totality during a solar eclipse,<ref>{{cite news|title=ECLIPSE OF THE SUN; 'We had seen the world dead'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eclipse-of-the-sun-we-had-seen-the-world-dead-1105788.html|date=11 July 1999|website=The Independent|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> the event is marked with a plaque at the top of Reeth Road.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plaque marking totality line|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Marking_the_1927_eclipse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_649385.jpg}}</ref>