Editing Rhineland-Palatinate (section)

==History==
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F046120-0035, Koblenz, "Rittersturz-Konferenz".jpg|thumb|Minister-president [[Peter Altmeier]] at the Rittersturz Conference in 1948]]
[[File:Koblenz im Buga-Jahr 2011 - Moselanlagen 02.jpg|thumb|The [[Peter Altmeier]] Monument in Koblenz]]
The state of Rhineland-Palatinate was founded shortly after the [[Second World War]], on 30 August 1946. It was formed mainly from the southern part of the Prussian [[Rhine Province]] (the {{lang|de|[[Regierungsbezirke]]}} of [[Regierungsbezirk Koblenz|Koblenz]] and [[Regierungsbezirk Trier|Trier]]), from [[Rhenish Hesse]], from the western part of [[Hesse-Nassau|Nassau]] and the [[Bavaria]]n [[Palatinate region|Rhenish Palatinate]] minus the county of [[Saarpfalz-Kreis|Saarpfalz]]. The Joint German-Luxembourg Sovereign Region ({{lang|de|Gemeinschaftliches deutsch-luxemburgisches Hoheitsgebiet}}) is the only unincorporated area of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. This [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] is formed by the rivers [[Moselle]], [[Sauer]], and [[Our (river)|Our]], where they run along the border between Luxembourg and Rhineland-Palatinate or the Saarland.<ref name="State of Rhineland-Palatinate"/> The region has a vast history, from the control of the [[Franks]], to the control of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and saw fighting during the First and Second World Wars.

=== Emergence ===
The present state of Rhineland-Palatinate formed part of the [[French Zone of Occupation]] (1945–1949) after the Second World War. It comprised the former Bavarian Palatinate, the {{lang|de|Regierungsbezirke}} ("government districts") of Koblenz and Trier (which formed the southern part of the Prussian [[Rhine Province]]), the parts of the Province of Rhenish Hesse ({{lang|de|Rheinhessen}}) west of the [[River Rhine]] and belonged to the [[People's State of Hesse]] ({{lang|de|Volksstaat Hessen}}), parts of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau ([[Regierungsbezirk Montabaur|Montabaur]]), and the former Oldenburg region around [[Birkenfeld (Nahe)|Birkenfeld]] ([[Principality of Birkenfeld]]).

On 10 July 1945, the [[Allied-occupied Germany|occupation authority]] on the soil of the present-day Rhineland-Palatinate transferred from the Americans to the French. To begin with, the French divided the region provisionally into two "upper presidiums" ({{lang|de|Oberpräsidien}}), Rhineland-Hesse-Nassau (for the hitherto Prussian government districts and regions of [[Regierungsbezirk Koblenz|Koblenz]], [[Regierungsbezirk Trier|Trier]], and [[Regierungsbezirk Montabaur|Montabaur]]) and Hesse-Palatinate (for the hitherto Bavarian [[Palatinate region|Palatinate]] and old Hessian-Darmstadt province of [[Rhenish Hesse]]). The formation of the state was ordained on 30 August 1946, the last [[Land (Germany)|state]] in the Western Zone of Occupation to be established, by Regulation No. 57 of the French [[military government]] under General [[Marie-Pierre Kœnig]].<ref>Newssheet of the French Higher Command in Germany, No. 35 (1946), [http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/recht.pl?zeitung=jouroffi&jahrgang=1946&ausgabe=035&seite=03700292&ansicht=3&bild=1&navigation=1&wahl=0&filename=.gif p. 292] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025229/http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/recht.pl?zeitung=jouroffi&jahrgang=1946&ausgabe=035&seite=03700292&ansicht=3&bild=1&navigation=1&wahl=0&filename=.gif |date=29 April 2018 }}</ref> It was initially called Rhenish-Palatinate ({{lang|de|Rheinpfälzisches Land}} or {{lang|de|Land Rheinpfalz}}); the name Rhineland-Palatinate ({{lang|de|Rheinland-Pfalz}}) was first confirmed in the constitution of 18 May 1947.<ref>{{cite web | title=Verfassungen in Rheinland-Pfalz | website=Verfassungen der Welt | url=http://www.verfassungen.de/rlp/index.htm | language=de | access-date=14 December 2021 | archive-date=14 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214130804/http://www.verfassungen.de/rlp/index.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|provisional French government]] at that time wanted originally to leave the option open of annexing further areas [[Left Bank of the Rhine|west of the Rhine]] after the Saarland was turned into a [[Saar Protectorate|protectorate]]. When the Americans and British, however had led the way with the establishment of German states, the French came under increasing pressure and eventually followed their example by setting up the states of [[Baden (South Baden)|Baden]], Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Rhineland-Palatinate. However the French military government forbade the [[Saarland]] from joining Rhineland-Palatinate. [[Mainz]] was named as the state capital in the regulation; the "Mixed Commission" ({{lang|de|Gemischte Kommission}}), named as the highest organ of state charged with the administration of the new state and with the preparation of an advisory state assembly, started its work in Mainz. However war damage and destruction meant that Mainz did not have enough administrative buildings, so the headquarters of the state government and parliament was provisionally established in [[Koblenz]]. On 22 November 1946, the constituent meeting of the Advisory State Assembly ({{lang|de|Beratende Landesversammlung}}) took place there, and a draft constitution was drawn up. Previously, local elections had been held. [[Wilhelm Boden]] was (after a short term of office as the {{lang|de|Oberregierungspräsident}} of Rhineland-Hesse-Nassau) nominated on 2 December as the [[minister president]] of the new state by the French military government.

=== Early years ===
Adolf Süsterhenn submitted to the Advisory State Assembly a draft constitution, which was passed after several rounds of negotiation on 25 April 1947 in a final vote, with the absolute majority of the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] voting for and the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] and [[Communist Party of Germany|KPD]] voting against. A point of contention involved the draft constitution providing for separate schools based on Christian denomination. On 18 May 1947, 53% of the electorate adopted the Constitution for Rhineland-Palatinate in a [[referendum]]. While the Catholic north and west of the new state adopted the constitution by a majority, the majority in Rhenish Hesse and the Palatinate voted against it. On the same date the first elections took place for the state parliament, the [[Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate]]. The inaugural assembly of parliament took place on 4 June 1947 in the large city hall at [[Koblenz]]. Wilhelm Boden was elected the first minister-president of Rhineland-Palatinate. Just one month later, [[Peter Altmeier]] succeeded him.

The constitutional bodies – the Government ({{lang|de| Landesregierung}}), the Parliament ({{lang|de| [[Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate|Landtag]]}}) and the Constitutional Court ({{lang|de| Verfassungsgerichtshof}}) – established their provisional seat in Koblenz. In the following period, Koblenz and Mainz each emphasized their suitability as the state capital in a public debate. From the beginning, Minister-President Altmeier pressed for Mainz as the capital because he knew that the south of the country, especially the Palatinate, would not accept Koblenz, which was far to the north and formerly Prussian. On 16 May 1950, the {{lang|de| Landtag}} decided to relocate itself and the {{lang|de| Landesregierung}} from Koblenz to Mainz.<ref>[http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=482 16 May 1950. Mainz wird Regierungssitz von Rheinland-Pfalz.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524082521/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=482|date=24 May 2011|quote=Die eindeutige Mehrheit der Abgeordneten stimmte für die Verlegung des Zentrums nach Süden, um dadurch ein Zusammenwachsen der einzelnen Landesteile zu begünstigen.}} in: [[Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz]]
</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Mainz statt Koblenz: 60 Jahre Hauptstadt|periodical= Fr-online.de|url= http://www.fr-online.de/spezials/mainz-statt-koblenz-60-jahre-hauptstadt,1472874,4433202.html|access-date= 14 December 2014|date= 17 May 2010|language= de|archive-date= 27 September 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150927094459/http://www.fr-online.de/spezials/mainz-statt-koblenz-60-jahre-hauptstadt,1472874,4433202.html|url-status= live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2020}}
After the government and parliament moved to Mainz, many state authorities and courts remained in Koblenz, including the Constitutional Court and the State Archives. In addition, the [[German Federal Archives]] and Federal Office of Hydrology were established in Koblenz in 1952.

=== Consolidation ===
A sense of community developed only very gradually in the "land of the retort", which had been established largely without regard to the historical affiliations of its inhabitants. It was given little chance of survival, especially as it had very few large industrial centres. However, the establishment of numerous military bases, both Allied and {{Lang|de|[[Bundeswehr]]|italic=no}}, helped to some extent to boost the economy. In 1956, under Article 29 of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]], petitions were made in the regions of Koblenz, Trier, Montabaur, Rhenish Hesse, and Palatinate for their separation from the state and incorporation into the respective states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Bavaria, and Baden-Württemberg. All petitions for a [[referendum]] except those in the administrative district of Palatinate won the necessary majority; however, almost 20 years passed before the referendums finally took place. On 19 January 1975, none of the regions concerned returned a majority for being transferred to another state. This put an end to decades of discussion. Only the [[AKK conflict]], a dispute over the districts of [[Mainz-Amöneburg]], [[Mainz-Kastel]], and [[Mainz-Kostheim]], has continued to exercise politicians up to the present day.