Editing Rhenium (section)

==History==
{{Redirect|Nipponium|element 113|nihonium}}
In 1908, [[Japan]]ese chemist [[Masataka Ogawa]] announced that he had discovered the 43rd element and named it ''nipponium'' (Np) after [[Japan]] (''Nippon'' in Japanese). In fact, he had found element 75 (rhenium) instead of element 43: both elements are in the same group of the periodic table.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.sab.2003.12.027|title=Discovery of a new element 'nipponiumʼ: re-evaluation of pioneering works of Masataka Ogawa and his son Eijiro Ogawa|date=2004|last=Yoshihara|first=H. K.|journal=Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy|volume=59|pages=1305–1310|bibcode=2004AcSpB..59.1305Y|issue=8}}</ref><ref name=nipponium2022>{{cite journal |last1=Hisamatsu |first1=Yoji |last2=Egashira |first2=Kazuhiro |first3=Yoshiteru |last3=Maeno |date=2022 |title=Ogawa's nipponium and its re-assignment to rhenium |journal=Foundations of Chemistry |volume=24 |issue= |pages=15–57 |doi=10.1007/s10698-021-09410-x |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ogawa's work was often incorrectly cited, because some of his key results were published only in Japanese; it is likely that his insistence on searching for element 43 prevented him from considering that he might have found element 75 instead. Just before Ogawa's death in 1930, [[Kenjiro Kimura]] analysed Ogawa's sample by [[X-ray spectroscopy]] at the [[Imperial University of Tokyo]], and said to a friend that "it was beautiful rhenium indeed". He did not reveal this publicly, because under the Japanese university culture before [[World War II]] it was frowned upon to point out the mistakes of one's seniors, but the evidence became known to some Japanese news media regardless. As time passed with no repetitions of the experiments or new work on nipponium, Ogawa's claim faded away.<ref name=nipponium2022/> The symbol Np was later used for the element [[neptunium]], and the name "nihonium", also [[Names of Japan#Nihon and Nippon|named after Japan]], along with symbol Nh, was later used for [[nihonium|element 113]]. Element 113 was also discovered by a team of Japanese scientists and was named in respectful homage to Ogawa's work.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Öhrström |first1=Lars |last2=Reedijk |first2=Jan |date=28 November 2016 |title=Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 (IUPAC Recommendations 2016) |url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-12/pac-2016-0501/pac-2016-0501.pdf |journal=Pure Appl. Chem. |volume=88 |issue=12 |pages=1225–1229 |doi=10.1515/pac-2016-0501 |access-date=22 April 2017|hdl=1887/47427 |s2cid=99429711 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Today, Ogawa's claim is widely accepted as having been the discovery of element 75 in hindsight.<ref name=nipponium2022/>

Rhenium ({{langx|la|Rhenus}} meaning: "[[Rhine]]")<ref>{{cite book|language=de|title=Forschen Suche und Sucht|first=Hans Georg|last=Tilgner|publisher=Books on Demand| date=2000|isbn=978-3-89811-272-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWBWnMOGtMQC}}</ref> received its current name when it was rediscovered by [[Walter Noddack]], [[Ida Tacke|Ida Noddack]], and [[Otto Berg (scientist)|Otto Berg]] in [[Germany]]. In 1925 they reported that they had detected the element in platinum ore and in the mineral [[columbite]]. They also found rhenium in [[gadolinite]] and [[molybdenite]].<ref name="'Ekamangane'">{{cite journal|last=Noddack|first=W.|author2=Tacke, I. |author3=Berg, O. |title=Die Ekamangane| journal=Naturwissenschaften| date=1925|volume=13|issue=26 |pages=567–574|doi=10.1007/BF01558746 |bibcode=1925NW.....13..567.|s2cid=32974087}}</ref> In 1928 they were able to extract 1 g of the element by processing 660&nbsp;kg of molybdenite.<ref name="1g">{{cite journal|last=Noddack| first=W.|author2=Noddack, I. |title=Die Herstellung von einem Gram Rhenium |journal=Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie|date=1929|volume=183|issue=1|pages =353–375|doi=10.1002/zaac.19291830126|language=de}}</ref><!--The following text is a 1 to one copy from the USGS site: The process was so complicated and expensive that production was discontinued until early 1950 when tungsten-rhenium and molybdenum-rhenium alloys were prepared. These alloys found important applications in industry that resulted in a great demand for the rhenium produced from the molybdenite fraction of porphyry [[copper]] ores.{{citation needed|date = May 2012}}--> It was estimated in 1968 that 75% of the rhenium metal in the [[United States]] was used for research and the development of [[refractory metal]] alloys. It took several years from that point before the superalloys became widely used.<ref>{{cite book| pages =4–5| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=oD8rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4| title =Trends in usage of rhenium: Report| last1 =Committee On Technical Aspects Of Critical And Strategic Material| first1 =National Research Council (U.S.)| date =1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wd9GAAAAYAAJ
 | title = Rhenium alloys
 | last1 = Savitskiĭ
 | first1 = Evgeniĭ Mikhaĭlovich
 | last2 = Tulkina
 | first2 = Mariia Aronovna
 | last3 = Povarova
 | first3 = Kira Borisovna
 |author-link3=Kira Povarova
 | date = 1970}}</ref>

The original mischaracterization by Ogawa in 1908 and final work in 1925 makes rhenium perhaps the last stable element to be understood. [[Hafnium]] was discovered in 1923<ref>"Two Danes Discover New Element, Hafnium{{snd}}Detect It by Means of Spectrum Analysis of Ore Containing Zirconium", ''The New York Times'', January 20, 1923, p. 4</ref> and all other new elements discovered since then, such as [[francium]], are radioactive.<ref name="usgs">{{cite web|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rhenium/|work=Minerals Information|title=Rhenium: Statistics and Information|date=2011|access-date=2011-05-25}}</ref>