Editing Revere, Massachusetts (section)

== History ==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2022}}
The area's earliest known inhabitants were [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] belonging to the [[Pennacook|Pawtucket]] tribe and were known to colonists as the "Rumney Marsh Indians."<ref name=":2" /> This group was said to reside on the edges of the Rumney Marsh marshland. However, the origin of the name that is used for the marshland even to this day, is unclear.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chamberlain |first=Mellen |url=https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto04cham/page/n11/mode/2up |title=A documentary history of Chelsea : including the Boston precincts of Winnisimmet, Rumney Marsh, and Pullen Point, 1624-1824 |last2=Massachusetts Historical Society |last3=Watts |first3=Jenny C. (Jenny Chamberlain) |last4=Cutter |first4=William Richard |date=1908 |publisher=Boston : Printed for the Massachusetts Historical Society |others=The Library of Congress}}</ref> [[Nanepashemet]], known to colonists as "Sagamore George," was the leader, or Great [[Sachem]] of the [[Pennacook|Pawtucket Confederation]] of [[Abenaki|Abenaki People]] of [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] (which at that time included present day Revere). One branch of Nanepashemet's family is thought to have taken "Rumney Marsh" as their surname.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Salem: Place, Myth, and Memory|publisher=Northeastern University Press|year=2015}}</ref>

In 1616, an epidemic, probably [[smallpox]], swept the region, killing thousands in its wake.<ref name=":2" /> Nanepashemet retired to the Mystic River, in what is now [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]], but was found murdered in 1619 at his fort on the brow of Rock Hill overlooking the river. Three sons succeeded him in his reign. One of them, [[Wonohaquaham]], also called "Sagamore John," had jurisdiction over the Native Americans at Winnisemmit (later [[Chelsea, Massachusetts|Chelsea]]) and Rumney Marsh.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In 1624, [[Samuel Maverick (colonist)|Samuel Maverick]] became the first colonist to settle in the area. He built his house at the site of the former Chelsea Naval Hospital (or Admiral's Hill). On June 17, 1630, [[John Winthrop]], the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company in New England joined him there for dinner.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.revere.org/docs/dm/shapingrevere.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105200905/https://www.revere.org/docs/dm/shapingrevere.pdf |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On September 25, 1634, Rumney Marsh was [[annexation|annexed]] to [[Boston]], which had received its name only four years earlier. Winnisemmet (current [[Chelsea, Massachusetts|Chelsea]]) and Pullen Point (current [[Winthrop, Massachusetts|Winthrop]]) were also annexed to Boston.

Rumney Marsh was originally divided and allotted to twenty-one of Boston's most prominent citizens. By 1639, the original allotments had been consolidated into seven great farms. Farming was the principal industry of Winnisemmet, and Rumney Marsh in particular.

The first [[County highway|county road]] in North America stretched across Rumney Marsh from the Winnisemmet Ferry to Olde Salem in 1641.

During [[King Philip's War]] (also known as [[Metacomet]]'s War), which lasted from 1675 to 1678, the local Native Americans were forcibly removed to what is now [[Deer Island (Massachusetts)|Deer Island]], where half of those imprisoned died of starvation or exposure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/deer-island-a-history-of-human-tragedy-remembered-AtuXxfhWUEOHpaaNcBJADw/|title=Deer Island: A History of Human Tragedy Remembered|website=IndianCountryToday.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105201204/https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/deer-island-a-history-of-human-tragedy-remembered-AtuXxfhWUEOHpaaNcBJADw/|archive-date=January 5, 2019|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> Some were enlisted to help the colonists defeat other native tribes.

In 1739, Rumney Marsh, Winnisemmet and Pullen Point were set off from Boston and established as the Town of Chelsea. The largest of the three settlements, Rumney Marsh (later to become North Chelsea) was selected as the Town Center.

In 1775, the area played a small role in the [[American Revolution]] during the [[Battle of Chelsea Creek]], one of the first naval battles of the revolution.<ref name=":2" />[[File:J S Copley - Paul Revere.jpg|thumb|170px|left|1768 portrait of [[Paul Revere]] by [[John Singleton Copley]]]]In 1846, the town of North Chelsea was established. In 1852, Pullen Point seceded from North Chelsea and was established as the town of [[Winthrop, Massachusetts|Winthrop]]. That same year, Chelsea became its own city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chelsea, Suffolk County, Massachusetts Genealogy |url=https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Chelsea,_Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts_Genealogy |website=FamilySearch |access-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> On March 24, 1871,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/ma/revere.htm |title=Revere MA History, 1873 |website=celebrateboston.com |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105200957/http://www.celebrateboston.com/ma/revere.htm |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> a petition went into effect, changing the name of North Chelsea to the Town of Revere in honor of [[Paul Revere]] (1735–1818), the son of an immigrant who took part in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Paul Revere had gained popularity after the publication of [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s 1860 poem "[[Paul Revere's Ride]]".

Later in 1871, Revere was the site of [[The Great Revere Train Wreck of 1871]], the deadliest railroad incident in Massachusetts history up to that point, when the Eastern Railroad's "Portland Express" slammed into the back of a stopped local commuter train at Revere Station.

Revere may be most well known for its beach. In 1896, [[Revere Beach]] became the first public beach in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-12 |title=Revere Beach Opens |url=https://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/revere-beach-opens.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.massmoments.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Levan |date=2022-10-13 |title=It Happens Here: The storied history of Revere Beach - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/revere-beach-history-it-happens-here-wbz-levan-reid/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

On November 2, 1914, the Town of Revere held its final town meeting, as voters had chosen to become the City of Revere. Revere became a city with the inauguration of its first mayor, Arthur B. Curtis, on January 4, 1915. A detailed account of the occasion is given in ''The History of the Town of Revere as Compiled by Benjamin Shurtleff, 1937'':<blockquote>"Selections were rendered by the Shubert Male Quartet. Mr. Theodore W. Gillette read an historical essay. Miss Anna George, a Beachmont school teacher, sang "The Sword of Bunker Hill," and George Arthur Sackett recited "The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere." This poem was previously recited when North Chelsea changed her name to Revere and then again, in 1899, at the dedication of the town hall. In the evening from 8.30 to 9, a reception to the Mayor was held, and then followed a grand ball and banquet. The grand march, headed by the Mayor, started at nine o'clock; and it was long toward two on Tuesday morning before the party broke up."<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>[[File:Revere City Hall.JPG|thumb|Revere City Hall days after the [[September 11 attacks]]]]On the morning of July 28, 2014, an EF2 tornado touched down in nearby Chelsea and intensified as it entered the city of Revere, causing major damage to many buildings, including the Revere City Hall.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Bruce |title=Tornado Rips Through Revere |url=http://www.boston.com/news/weather/2014/07/28/officials-investigate-possible-tornado-revere/Tfc0g33DiJeo3onbheyMDN/story.html?p1=Topofpage:sub_headline_4 |access-date=July 29, 2014 |work=Boston Globe |publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC |date=July 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705115055/http://www.boston.com/news/weather/2014/07/28/officials-investigate-possible-tornado-revere/Tfc0g33DiJeo3onbheyMDN/story.html?p1=Topofpage:sub_headline_4 |archive-date=July 5, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was the first tornado to hit Suffolk County since the [[National Weather Service]] began keeping records in 1950.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morrison |first1=Sara |title=Tornadoes of Massachusetts Past |url=http://www.boston.com/news/weather/2014/07/28/tornadoes-massachusetts-past/ZUt06DCCmnYbIKN4TQYIdL/story.html |access-date=July 29, 2014 |work=Boston Globe |publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC |date=July 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729102606/http://www.boston.com/news/weather/2014/07/28/tornadoes-massachusetts-past/ZUt06DCCmnYbIKN4TQYIdL/story.html |archive-date=July 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== History of Immigration ===
"In 1637 the Massachusetts General Court adopted an order that no person or town should receive or entertain a newcomer for more than three weeks without permission. In addition to the desire to keep their colony Puritan, they were also concerned with the immigration of paupers. In subsequent years a law was passed that restricted the immigration of 'lame, impotent, or infirmed persons.' Hardly any immigrants came to Massachusetts during the second half of the 17th century."<ref name=":0" />

English immigration came to a near-complete stop in 1642 as a result of the English Civil War, but was replaced with immigration from other European countries.

In 1687, only 31 people lived in the settlements of Winnisimmit, Rumney Marsh, and Pullen Point. In 1739, when these settlements were separated from Boston and formed the Town of Chelsea, there were 10 homes in Winnisimmit (Chelsea), 26 in Rumney Marsh (Revere), and 4 homes in Pullen Point (Winthrop), with 267 inhabitants in total. This number quadrupled by 1837, at which time 1,201 people resided on the land.<ref name=":0" />

[[Rumney Marsh Burying Ground]] in Revere contains the graves of 16 formerly enslaved Black people; a plaque there lists their names, dates of death, and approximate ages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Gates: A Cemetery Explorer's Guide to Rumney Marsh Burial Ground Revere, MA {{!}} Mount Auburn Cemetery |url=https://mountauburn.org/beyond-the-gates-a-cemetery-explorers-guide-to-rumney-marsh-burial-ground-revere-ma/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=mountauburn.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journal |date=February 18, 2021 |title=The slave burials of Rumney Marsh Burial Ground |url=https://reverejournal.com/2021/02/18/the-slave-burials-of-rumney-marsh-burial-ground/ |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=reverejournal.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Between 1837 and 1840, the population nearly doubled due to the second major wave of immigration into the area.

"During this period of time more than 750,000 Irish, British and German immigrants arrived in America; and another 4.3&nbsp;million immigrants came from these countries during the next 20 years. Of the total number of immigrants to America during the second wave, 40 percent were from Ireland, escaping poverty and famine in their native country."<ref name=":0" />

"By 1905 the Italian population in Revere had grown large enough that the first Italian Catholic Parish of Saint Anthony of Padua was founded in a three-family dwelling on Revere Street. It was clear in 1905 that the Italian population of Revere was rapidly becoming the fastest growing ethnic group in the town."<ref name=":0" />

At this time, "only 19 percent of the immigrants entering the U.S. were from northern Europe, while 81 percent were from southern, eastern, and central Europe," and "nearly 60 percent of the births in the Town of Revere were to foreign born parents."<ref name=":0" />

==== Jewish immigration ====
The first Jewish residents of Revere were Russian and Polish immigrants, of whom there were 137 in 1885 and 1,646 by 1915.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Revere – East Boston Immigration Center |url=http://mysticriverjews.jcam.org/Pages/Revere/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027000124/http://www.mysticriverjews.jcam.org/Pages/Revere/index.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2017 |access-date=January 5, 2019 |website=mysticriverjews.jcam.org}}</ref>

Revere's first Jewish congregation was established in 1906, when the Temple B’Nai Israel was founded. The second was established ten years later when "Congregation Tiffereth Israel purchased the Methodist Episcopal Society's church at the corner of Shirley and Nahant Avenue."<ref name=":0" />

In 1940, Jewish residents accounted for about 25% of the City of Revere's population.

"Most of the Jews in Revere were concentrated around Shirley Avenue, which was the center of activity at that time. With Jewish businesses, synagogues and kosher markets, it represented the vibrancy of Jewish life, faith and culture in Revere. On Saturday night, all of the Jewish-owned businesses on Shirley Ave. would reopen after Shabbat and the streets would once again be filled with the vibrancy of Jewish life at that time."<ref name=":1" />

==== 21st century ====
As of 2000, the city had the 19th highest percentage of Brazilians in the U.S. (tied with [[Sea Ranch Lakes, Florida]], and Malden, Massachusetts) at 1.7% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestry Search - Genealogy by City |url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Brazilian.html |access-date=September 18, 2019 |website=epodunk.com}}</ref>

As of 2010, 27% of the residents of Revere were born outside of the United States. Many of them originate from North Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The 2010 percentage of foreign born residents is twice that of 1990.<ref name="SacchetiStretchsubp1">Sacchetti, Maria. "A melting pot stretches out to the suburbs." ''[[Boston Globe]]''. September 15, 2010. p. [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/12/15/ethnic_melting_pot_stretches_to_suburbs/ 1] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141111094757/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/12/15/ethnic_melting_pot_stretches_to_suburbs/ Archive]). Retrieved September 23, 2014.</ref>

In May 2017, the city was host to its first Moroccan Cultural Day celebration, which took place on Shirley Avenue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Moroccan Cultural Day |url=https://reverejournal.com/2017/05/26/moroccan-cultural-day/ |access-date=April 16, 2020 |website=reverejournal.com}}</ref> The city's Moroccan community was estimated to account for at least 10% of the population, as of May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2020 |title='Masks for Revere' Working to Keep Revere Equipped: Moroccan American Connections in Revere Donating 2,000 Masks Per Week |url=https://reverejournal.com/2020/04/15/masks-for-revere-working-to-keep-revere-equipped-moroccan-american-connections-in-revere-donating-2000-masks-per-week/ |access-date=April 16, 2020 |website=reverejournal.com}}</ref> Following the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]], the community organization, "Moroccan American Connections in Revere" (MACIR) supplied the city with hand-made protective masks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owen-Jones |first=Juliette |date=May 17, 2019 |title=Revere, Massachusetts to Host Third Annual Moroccan Cultural Day |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/05/273319/revere-massachusetts-to-host-third-annual-moroccan-cultural-day/ |access-date=April 16, 2020 |website=Morocco World News}}</ref>