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==Historical perspectives== The intolerance, and even the active persecution of religious minorities (sometimes religious majorities as in modern [[Bahrain]] or the Pre-Dutch Indonesian kingdoms), has a long history. Almost all religions have historically faced and perpetrated persecution of other viewpoints. The modern concept of [[religious tolerance]] developed out of the [[European wars of religion]], more specifically out of the [[Peace of Westphalia]] which ended the [[30 Years' War]] (1618β1648), during the [[Protestant Reformation]] and the ensuing conflicts between [[Protestantism|Protestants]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The doctrine of 'religious toleration' was established as a result of the 30 Years' War between the Catholic [[Hapsburgs]] and newly Protestant nations like [[Sweden]] under [[Gustavus Adolphus]]. At this time, rulers sought to eradicate religious sentiments and dogmas from their political [[demesne]]s. The 1648 Treaty gave nations the right of sovereignty and it also allowed minority Christian denominations to exist within the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Hobolt|first1=Sara B.|author-link=Sara Hobolt|last2=Brug|first2=Wouter Van der|last3=Vreese|first3=Claes H. De|last4=Boomgaarden|first4=Hajo G.|last5=Hinrichsen|first5=Malte C.|date=2011-09-01|title=Religious intolerance and Euroscepticism|journal=European Union Politics|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=359β79|doi=10.1177/1465116511404620|s2cid=93065237|issn=1465-1165}}</ref>
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