Editing Radiography (section)

==History==
{{Further|X-ray#History}}
[[File:Crookes tube xray experiment.jpg|thumb|left|Taking an X-ray image with early [[Crookes tube]] apparatus, late 1800s]]

Radiography's origins and [[fluoroscopy#History|fluoroscopy's origins]] can both be traced to 8 November 1895, when German physics professor [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] discovered the X-ray and noted that, while it could pass through human tissue, it could not pass through bone or metal.<ref name=ndt-history>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Introduction/history.htm|access-date=27 April 2013|title=History of Radiography|work=NDT Resource Center|publisher=Iowa State University}}</ref> Röntgen referred to the radiation as "X", to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation. He received the first [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his discovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/karlsson/|title=The Nobel Prizes in Physics 1901–2000|last=Karlsson|first=Erik B.| name-list-style = vanc |date=9 February 2000|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|access-date=24 November 2011|location=Stockholm}}</ref>

There are conflicting accounts of his discovery because Röntgen had his lab notes burned after his death, but this is a likely reconstruction by his biographers:<ref>{{cite web |title= 5 unbelievable things about X-rays you can't miss |url= https://www.vix.com/en/ovs/curiosities/8709/5-unbelievable-things-about-x-rays-you-cant-miss |website= vix.com |access-date= 23 October 2017 |archive-date= 24 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201224113106/https://www.vix.com/en/ovs/curiosities/8709/5-unbelievable-things-about-x-rays-you-cant-miss |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Glasser">{{cite book | last = Glasser| first = Otto | name-list-style = vanc | title = Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the early history of the roentgen rays| publisher = Norman Publishing| date = 1993| pages = 10–15| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GJs4tyb7wEC&pg=PA10| isbn = 978-0930405229}}</ref> Röntgen was investigating [[cathode rays]] using a [[fluorescent]] screen painted with barium [[platinocyanide]] and a [[Crookes tube]] which he had wrapped in black cardboard to shield its fluorescent glow. He noticed a faint green glow from the screen, about 1 metre away. Röntgen realized some invisible rays coming from the tube were passing through the cardboard to make the screen glow: they were passing through an opaque object to affect the film behind it.<ref name=pbs>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/12/i-have-seen-my-death-how-the-world-discovered-the-x-ray.html|title='I Have Seen My Death': How the World Discovered the X-Ray|first=Howard|last=Markel|name-list-style=vanc|date=20 December 2012|access-date=27 April 2013|work=PBS NewsHour|publisher=PBS|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820120013/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/tag/newsdesk/2012/12/i-have-seen-my-death-how-the-world-discovered-the-x-ray.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:First medical X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand - 18951222.jpg|thumb|upright|The first radiograph]]

Röntgen discovered X-rays' medical use when he made a picture of his wife's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. The photograph of his wife's hand was the first ever photograph of a human body part using X-rays. When she saw the picture, she said, "I have seen my death."<ref name=pbs />

The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by [[John Hall-Edwards]] in [[Birmingham|Birmingham, England]], on 11 January 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate. On 14 February 1896, Hall-Edwards also became the first to use X-rays in a [[surgical operation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/xray |title=Major John Hall-Edwards |access-date=17 May 2012 |publisher=Birmingham City Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928204852/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/xray |archive-date=28 September 2012 }}</ref>

The United States saw its first medical X-ray obtained using a [[discharge tube]] of [[Ivan Puluj|Ivan Pulyui]]'s design. In January 1896, on reading of Röntgen's discovery, Frank Austin of [[Dartmouth College]] tested all of the discharge tubes in the physics laboratory and found that only the Pulyui tube produced X-rays. This was a result of Pulyui's inclusion of an oblique "target" of [[mica]], used for holding samples of [[fluorescent]] material, within the tube. On 3 February 1896 Gilman Frost, professor of medicine at the college, and his brother Edwin Frost, professor of physics, exposed the wrist of Eddie McCarthy, whom Gilman had treated some weeks earlier for a fracture, to the X-rays and collected the resulting image of the broken bone on [[Photographic plate|gelatin photographic plates]] obtained from Howard Langill, a local photographer also interested in Röntgen's work.<ref name=PKS>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spiegel PK | title = The first clinical X-ray made in America – 100 years | journal = American Journal of Roentgenology | volume = 164 | issue = 1 | pages = 241–3 | date = January 1995 | pmid = 7998549 | doi = 10.2214/ajr.164.1.7998549 | publisher = American Roentgen Ray Society | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[File:James Green & James H. Gardiner - Sciagraphs of British Batrachians and Reptiles - 1897 - Rana Esculenta.jpg|thumb|upright|1897 sciagraph (X-ray photograph) of ''[[Pelophylax lessonae]]'' (then ''Rana Esculenta''), from James Green & James H. Gardiner's "Sciagraphs of British Batrachians and Reptiles"]]

X-rays were put to diagnostic use very early; for example, [[Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton]] opened a radiographic laboratory in the United Kingdom in 1896, before the dangers of ionizing radiation were discovered. Indeed, [[Marie Curie]] pushed for radiography to be used to treat wounded soldiers in World War I. Initially, many kinds of staff conducted radiography in hospitals, including physicists, photographers, physicians, nurses, and engineers. The medical speciality of radiology grew up over many years around the new technology. When new diagnostic tests were developed, it was natural for the [[radiographer]]s to be trained in and to adopt this new technology. Radiographers now perform [[fluoroscopy]], [[computed tomography]], [[mammography]], [[ultrasound]], [[nuclear medicine]] and [[magnetic resonance imaging]] as well. Although a nonspecialist dictionary might define radiography quite narrowly as "taking X-ray images", this has long been only part of the work of "X-ray departments", radiographers, and radiologists. Initially, radiographs were known as roentgenograms,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ritchey B, Orban B | title = The Crests of the Interdental Alveolar Septa | journal = The Journal of Periodontology | date = April 1953 | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 75–87 | doi = 10.1902/jop.1953.24.2.75 }}</ref> while ''skiagrapher'' (from the [[Ancient Greek]] words for "shadow" and "writer") was used until about 1918 to mean [[Radiographer|''radiographer''.]] The Japanese term for the radiograph, {{Nihongo|2=レントゲン|3=rentogen}}, shares its etymology with the original English term.