Editing Pyongyang (section)

==Names==
The name 'Pyongyang' derives from the [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Sino-Korean]] words 平 (flat) and 壤 (land). It is the [[McCune–Reischauer]] romanisation of the Korean term '평양', which translates to 'flat land', reflecting the smooth terrain of the city. In native Korean, the city was called "Buruna" ({{Korean|hangul=부루나|labels=no}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title="'평양(平壤)' 지명은 '부루나'에서 유래" |url=http://www.spnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=63534 |access-date= |website=SPN 서울평양뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref> or less commonly "Barana" ({{Korean|hangul=바라나|labels=no}})<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:평양이라는 이름의 유래 |url=http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=csense&mtype=view&no=1140 |access-date= |website=[[Uriminzokkiri]] |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117184832/http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=csense&mtype=view&no=1140 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which, using the [[Idu script|idu system]], was the pronunciation of the Chinese characters of "Pyongyang".<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> "Buru" ({{Korean|hangul=부루|labels=no}}) means "field" whereas "na" ({{Korean|hangul=나|labels=no}}) means "land", therefore the meaning of Pyongyang in native Korean would be "Land of the field".<ref name=":0"/>

The city's other historic names include ''Ryugyong'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Funabashi |first=Yōichi |title=The peninsula question : a chronicle of the second Korean nuclear crisis |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-8157-3011-8 |oclc=290569447}}</ref> ''Kisong'', ''Hwangsong'', ''Rakrang'', ''Sŏgyong'', ''Sodo'', ''Hogyong'', ''Changan'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map - Pyongyang - MAP[N]ALL.COM |url=https://www.mapnall.com/en/Map-Pyongyang_1104342.html |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=www.mapnall.com |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090011/https://www.mapnall.com/en/Map-Pyongyang_1104342.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''Heijō''<ref>{{cite map |url=http://www.drben.net/publishImages/Koreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511180030/http://www.drben.net/publishImages/Koreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2018 |title=Japan and Korea compiled and drawn in the Cartographic Section of the National Geographic Society for The National Geographic Magazine |location=Washington |publisher=Gilbert Grosvenor |date=1945 |access-date=30 September 2018 |oclc=494696670}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268903&fid=3334&c=north_korea |title=Heijō: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827193546/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268903&fid=3334&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> (during [[Japanese rule in Korea]]). There are several variants.{{efn|These include: Heijō-fu,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268905&fid=3353&c=north_korea |title=Heijō-fu: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827070316/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268905&fid=3353&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> Heizyō,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268917&fid=3381&c=north_korea |title=Heizyō: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827193541/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268917&fid=3381&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> Heizyō Hu,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268918&fid=3325&c=north_korea |title=Heizyō Hu: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827193537/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268918&fid=3325&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> Hpyeng-yang,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-269384&fid=3353&c=north_korea |title=Hpyeng-yang: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827191838/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-269384&fid=3353&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> P-hjöng-jang,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279136&fid=3353&c=north_korea |title=P-hjöng-jang: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827130757/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279136&fid=3353&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> Phyeng-yang,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279138&fid=3362&c=north_korea |title=Phyeng-yang: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827191844/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279138&fid=3362&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> Phyong-yang,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279139&fid=3381&c=north_korea |title=Phyong-yang: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827130809/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279139&fid=3381&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> Pienyang,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279152&fid=3353&c=north_korea |title=Pienyang: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827132226/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279152&fid=3353&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> P'ing-jang,<ref name="blunden">{{cite book |year=1998 |last=Blunden |first=Caroline |chapter=Gazetteer |title=Cultural Atlas of China |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofc00blun_0/page/235/ |edition=Revised |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |isbn=0-8160-3814-7 |lccn=98-34322 |oclc=43168341 |pages=232, 235}}: "Names in ''italics'' represent the Wade-Giles equivalent of the preceding Pinyin transcription....Pingrang/''P'ing-jang see'' Pyongyang"</ref><ref name="columbia">{{cite book |year=1975 |chapter=Pyongyang |editor1=William H. Harris |editor2=Judith S. Levey |title=The New Columbia Encyclopedia |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/page/2250/ |edition=Fourth |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-03572-1 |lccn=74-26686 |oclc=1103123 |page=2250}} "Chin. ''P'ing-jang''"</ref> Pingrang,<ref name="blunden"/><ref>{{cite book |year=2012 |last=Wilkinson |first=Endymion |author-link=Endymion Wilkinson |chapter=Introduction |title=Chinese History: A New Manual |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/chinesehistoryne0000wilk/page/14/ |edition=Third, revised |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-06715-8 |lccn=2011285309 |oclc=873859851 |page=14}} "The DPRK (Joseon Minjujui Inmin Konghuaguk {{lang|zh|朝鮮民主主義人民共和國}}) is read in Chinese as Chaoxian minzhu zhuyi renmin gonghe guo, and its capital, Pyeonyang, is pronounced Pingrang {{lang|zh|平壤}}."</ref> Pingyang,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279198&fid=3325&c=north_korea |title=Pingyang: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827071507/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279198&fid=3325&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> Pyengyang,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-280505&fid=3372&c=north_korea |title=Pyengyang: North Korea |access-date=26 June 2013 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827130820/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-280505&fid=3372&c=north_korea |url-status=live }}</ref> and Pieng-tang.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=390}}}}<ref>{{cite book |year=1988 |author=Hermann Lautensach |title=Korea: A Geography Based on the Author's Travels and Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrHtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |page=9 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783642735783 |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604012703/https://books.google.com/books?id=OrHtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the early 20th century, Pyongyang came to be known among missionaries as being the "[[Jerusalem]] of the East", due to its historical status as a stronghold of [[Christianity]], namely [[Protestantism]], especially during the [[Pyongyang Revival]] of 1907.<ref name=AsiaTimesNick>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318052905/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=18 March 2005 |last=Lankov |first=Andrei |title=North Korea's missionary position |work=Asia Times Online |date=16 March 2005 |quote=By the early 1940s Pyongyang was by far the most Protestant of all major cities of Korea, with some 25–30% of its adult population being church-going Christians. In missionary circles this earned the city the nickname "Jerusalem of the East". |access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=DailyBeastNick>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html |last=Caryl |first=Christian |title=Prayer in Pyongyang |work=The Daily Beast |publisher=The Newsweek/Daily Beast Co |date=15 September 2007 |quote=It's hard to say how many covert Christians the North has; estimates range from the low tens of thousands to 100,000. Christianity came to the peninsula in the late 19th century. Pyongyang, in fact, was once known as the 'Jerusalem of the East.' |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523004545/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html |archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

After [[Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung|Kim Il Sung's death]] in 1994, some members of [[Kim Jong Il]]'s faction proposed changing the name of Pyongyang to "Kim Il Sung City" ({{korean|hangul=김일성시|hanja=金日成市|links-no}}), but others suggested that North Korea should begin calling [[Seoul]] "Kim Il Sung City" instead and grant Pyongyang the moniker "Kim Jong Il City". In the end, neither proposal was implemented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=58 |title=Pyongyang was to become 'Kim Il Sung City'; The followers of Kim Jong Il suggested the idea |work=[[Daily NK]] |date=21 February 2005 |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134507/http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=58 |url-status=live }}</ref>