Editing Pygmalion of Tyre (section)

==Name==
The Latin spelling {{script|Latn|Pygmalion}} represents the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Πυγμαλίων}}}} {{Transliteration|grc|Pugmalíōn}}.

The Greek form of the name has been identified as representing the  [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] ''Pumayyaton'' (or  {{Transliteration|phn|Pūmayyātān}}). This name is recorded epigraphically, as   {{lang|phn|{{script|Phnx|{{big|𐤐𐤌𐤉𐤉𐤕𐤍}}}}}}, {{Transliteration|phn|[[Pe (Semitic letter)|P]][[Mem|M]][[Yodh|Y]][[Yodh|Y]][[Taw|T]][[Nun (letter)|N]]}}, a theophoric name interpreted as meaning "[[Pummay]] has given". This historical ''Pumayyaton'' however, was a Cypriot "king of [[Kition]], [[Idalion]] and [[Tamassos]]", not of Tyre, and lived several centuries after Pygmalion of Tyre's supposed lifetime.<ref>Frank Moore Cross, ''Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy'', Brill (2018 [1974]),  p. 278.</ref>
<!--this phonetic explanation would need some sort of reference
Ancient Semitic languages contained a distinct [[voiced velar fricative]] (/ɣ/ sound) which was denoted by a letter called [[Ayin|{{Transliteration|sem|Ayin}}]], which more commonly denoted the [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]] (/ʕ/). Over time, the latter pronunciation gradually absorbed /ɣ/ until it was no longer preserved. The only contemporaneous language in which the phoneme survives is [[Arabic]], as the letter [[Ghayn|{{Transliteration|ar|Ghayn}}]]. The Ancient Greek lemma therefore must have been coined before the absorption was finalised, and so the original pronunciation of {{Transliteration|phn|Puġʿmayyaton}} was preserved as {{Transliteration|grc|Pugmaliōn}}. Pygmalion's name was also sometimes written without the {{Transliteration|sem|Ayin}} at all, resulting in {{lang|phn|{{script|Phnx|{{big|𐤐𐤌𐤉𐤉𐤕𐤍}}}}}} or {{Transliteration|phn|Pumayyaton}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
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Several scholars have identified Baa‘li-maanzer, the king of Tyre who gave tribute to [[Shalmaneser III]] in 841 BC, with {{script|Phnx|𐤁𐤏𐤋𐤏𐤑𐤅𐤓}} ''Ba‘al-'azor'' (Phoenician form of the name) or ''[[Baal-Eser II|Baal-Eser/Balazeros]]'' (Greek form of the name), Pygmalion's grandfather.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liver |first1=J. |title=The Chronology of Tyre at the Beginning of the First Millennium B.C. |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |date=1953 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=113–120 |jstor=27924517 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1300698169}} |last1=Peñuela |first1=Joaquín M. |title=La Inscripción Asiria IM 55644 y la Cronología de los Reyes de Tiro |trans-title=The Assyrian Inscription IM 55644 and the Chronology of the Kings of Tire |language=es |journal=Sefarad |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=1953 |pages=217–237 }}</ref><ref name="Cross, Nora Stone, 17, n. 11">F. M. Cross, "An Interpretation of the Nora Stone", ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' 208 (Dec. 1972), page 17 note 11</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004369573_003 |chapter=The Tyrian King List: An External Synchronism from Phoenicia |title=Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel |year=1991 |pages=29–55 |isbn=978-1-55540-527-4 |first1=William Hamilton |last1=Barnes }}</ref>

The [[Nora Stone]], discovered in 1773, has also been read as containing the name ''Pum(m)ay'' (''PMY'') by [[Frank Moore Cross]] in 1972. Cross has identified this ''PMY'' with ''Pumayyatan'' and further with Pygmalion of Tyre. 
This is highly speculative, and there is no consensus whatsoever on the interpretation of the inscription, not even on whether the text is intended as being read in [[boustrophedon]].<ref>Brian Peckham: The Nora Inscription. In: Orientalia 41, 1972, S. 457–468.
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There is also epigraphic attestation of an apparent theonym {{Transliteration|phn|{{sc|pgmlyn}}}} ({{lang|phn|{{script|Phnx|{{big|𐤐𐤂𐤌𐤋𐤉𐤍}}}}}}) found on inscriptions such as the [[Douïmès medallion]]. This may either suggest an alternative Phoenician etymology for the name, or 
it may simply be a Phoenician attempt at transliterating the Greek form of the name; though in the case of the Douïmès medallion, the supposed age of the artefact may present some difficulties for the latter hypothesis.<ref>Philip  Schmitz, [https://www.academia.edu/1132476/_Deity_and_Royalty_in_Dedicatory_Formulae_The_Ekron_Store_Jar_Inscription_Viewed_in_the_Light_of_Judg_7_18_20_and_the_Inscribed_Gold_Medallion_from_the_Douïmès_Necropolis_at_Carthage_KAI_73_Maarav_15_2_2008_165_73_appeared_in_2009_ Deity and Royalty in Dedicatory Formulae: The Ekron Store-Jar Inscription Viewed in the Light of Judg 7:18, 20 and the Inscribed Gold Medallion from the Douïmès Necropolis at Carthage (KAI 73).] Maarav 15.2 (2008): 165–73: "Scholars understandably expressed disbelief about this identification: “it is easily conceivable that the gem was dedicated to Astarte and Pygmalion and in the process acquired the inscription,” mused M. Lidzbarski before reflecting on the difficulty of explaining a transliterated Greek name in an inscription of such apparently early date. The notion that the object must have become an heirloom, and is thus earlier than the tomb in which it was discovered, has had wide circulation. I agree that this is probably the best explanation of its archaeological context."</ref>