Editing Purdue University (section)

==History==
[[File:JohnPurdue.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[John Purdue]], the university's eponymous benefactor]]
In 1865, the [[Indiana General Assembly]] voted to take advantage of the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts|Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862]] and began plans to establish an institution with a focus on agriculture and engineering with the preliminary name of the Indiana Agricultural College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiana General Assembly |url=https://iga.in.gov/laws/2023/ic/titles/21#21-23-2 |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=iga.in.gov}}</ref> Communities throughout the state offered facilities and funding in bids for the location of the new college. Popular proposals included designating [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]] or what is now [[Butler University]] as Indiana's land-grant, as well as the addition of an agriculture department at what is now [[Indiana State University]]. By 1869, [[Tippecanoe County]]'s offer included $150,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|0.15|1869|r=1}} million in {{Inflation-year|US}}) from Lafayette business leader and philanthropist [[John Purdue]]; $50,000 from the county; and {{convert|100|acre|km2|1}} of land from John Purdue and local residents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Birth of Land-Grant Institutions and Purdue University |url=https://extension.purdue.edu/news/county/whitley/2023/03/the-birth-of-land-grant-institutions-and-purdue-university.html |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=Purdue University - Extension |language=en}}</ref>

On May 6, 1869, the General Assembly established the institution in Tippecanoe County as Purdue University, in the name of the principal benefactor. Classes began at Purdue on September 16, 1874, with six instructors and 39 students.<ref name="purdue.edu" /> Professor [[John S. Hougham]] was Purdue's first faculty member and served as acting president between the administrations of presidents [[Abram C. Shortridge|Shortridge]] and White.<ref name="purdue.edu" /><ref>Topping, Robert W. (1988) A Century and Beyond: The History of Purdue University. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. p63, p383.</ref> A campus of five buildings was completed by the end of 1874.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/?page=purduefaq |title=Frequently Asked Questions about Purdue History |at=What were the first buildings on campus? |publisher=Purdue Libraries, Archives and Special Collections |access-date=November 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308153230/http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/?page=purduefaq |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1875, [[Sarah D. Allen Oren Haynes]], the State Librarian of Indiana, was appointed professor of botany.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/annualregisterof1882purd/page/n7/mode/2up?q=Oren |title=The annual register of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana |publisher=Purdue University |year=1894 |location=Indianapolis |pages=69 |access-date=August 22, 2020}}</ref>

Purdue issued its first degree, a [[Bachelor of Science]] in chemistry, in 1875. The first female student was admitted that autumn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/content/John%20Bradford%20Harper.pdf |title=John Bradford Harper: the first graduate of Purdue University |first=David M. |last=Hovde |year=2009 |publisher=Purdue Libraries, Archives and Special Collections |access-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713064147/http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/content/John%20Bradford%20Harper.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2010 }}</ref><ref>Topping, p. 78.</ref>

[[Emerson E. White]], the university's president from 1876 to 1883, followed a strict interpretation of the Morrill Act. Rather than emulate the classical universities, White believed Purdue should be an "industrial college" and devote its resources toward providing a broad, [[liberal education]] with an emphasis on science, technology, and agriculture.<ref>Topping, pp. 89–94, 97–100.</ref>

Part of White's plan to distinguish Purdue from classical universities included a controversial attempt to ban fraternities, which was ultimately overturned by the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]. White resigned in protest.<ref>Topping, pp. 107–111.</ref> The next president, [[James H. Smart]], is remembered for his call in 1894 to rebuild the original Heavilon Hall "one brick higher" after it had been destroyed by a fire.<ref>Topping, pp. 134–138.</ref>

By the end of the nineteenth century, the university was organized into schools of agriculture, engineering (mechanical, civil, and electrical), and pharmacy; former U.S. President [[Benjamin Harrison]] served on the [[board of trustees]].<ref>Topping, pp. 130–131.</ref> Purdue's engineering laboratories included testing facilities for a locomotive, and for a [[Corliss steam engine]]—one of the most efficient engines of the time. Programs in education and home economics were soon established, as well as a [[Indiana University School of Medicine#Rivalry with Purdue University|short-lived school of medicine]]. By 1925, Purdue had the largest undergraduate engineering enrollment in the country, a status it would keep for half a century.<ref>Topping, p. 291.</ref>

{{wide image|1904 Panorama of campus, Purdue Univ.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Purdue University, 1904}}
President [[Edward C. Elliott]] oversaw a campus building program between the world wars. Inventor, alumnus, and trustee [[David E. Ross]] coordinated several fundraisers, donated lands to the university, and was instrumental in establishing the Purdue Research Foundation. Ross's gifts and fundraisers supported such projects as [[Ross–Ade Stadium]], the [[Purdue Memorial Union|Memorial Union]], a civil engineering surveying camp, and [[Purdue University Airport]]. Purdue Airport was the country's first university-owned airport and the site of the country's first college-credit flight training courses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aiaa.org/Participate/Uploads/05-0443westlafayette.pdf |title=Historic Aerospace Site: Purdue University Airport, West Lafayette, Indiana |author=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |year=2005 |pages=2–3 |access-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201224602/http://www.aiaa.org/Participate/Uploads/05%2D0443westlafayette%2Epdf |archive-date=December 1, 2006}}</ref>

[[Amelia Earhart]] joined the Purdue faculty in 1935 as a consultant for these flight courses and as a counselor on women's careers. In 1936, the Purdue Research Foundation provided the funds for the [[Lockheed Model 10 Electra|Lockheed Electra 10-E]] Earhart flew on her attempted round-the-world flight.<ref>National Air and Space Museum. (n.d.) Model, Static, Lockheed Electra, Amelia Earhart. National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/model-static-lockheed-electra-amelia-earhart/nasm_A19600213000</ref>
[[File:Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, Estados Unidos, 2012-10-15, DD 08.jpg|thumb|right|University Hall]]
Every school and department at the university was involved in some type of military research or training during [[World War II]].<ref>Topping, p. 241.</ref> During a project on radar receivers, Purdue physicists discovered properties of [[germanium]] that led to the making of the first [[transistor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1941-semiconductor.html |title=1941 – Semiconductor diode rectifiers serve in WW II |year=2007 |work=The Silicon Engine: A Timeline of Semiconductors in Computers |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=November 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924135754/http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1941-semiconductor.html |archive-date=September 24, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/info/germanium.html |title=Germanium Comes of Age |year=1999 |work=Transistorized! The History of the Invention of the Transistor |publisher=PBS.org |access-date=November 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213010523/http://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/info/germanium.html |archive-date=December 13, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Army and the Navy conducted training programs at Purdue and more than 17,500 students, staff, and alumni served in the armed forces.<ref>Topping, p. 242.</ref> Purdue set up about a hundred centers throughout Indiana to train skilled workers for defense industries.<ref>Topping. p. 240.</ref> As veterans returned to the university under the [[G.I. Bill]], first-year classes were taught at some of these sites to alleviate the demand for campus space. Four of these sites are now degree-granting regional campuses of the [[Purdue University system]]. On-campus housing became racially desegregated in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.lib.purdue.edu/orthefirenexttime |title=Or the Fire Next Time: A Timeline of African American History at Purdue |year=2010 |author=Purdue Libraries, Archives and Special Collections |access-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514184827/http://collections.lib.purdue.edu/orthefirenexttime/ |archive-date=May 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>Topping, p. 355.</ref>

After the war, a decade-long construction program emphasized science and research. In the late 1950s and early 1960s the university established programs in veterinary medicine, industrial management, and nursing, as well as the first computer science department in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.purdue.edu/history/history.html |title=History of the Department of Computer Sciences at Purdue University |first1=John R. |last1=Rice |first2=Saul |last2=Rosen |year=1994 |publisher=Purdue University |access-date=November 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216124633/http://www.cs.purdue.edu/history/history.html |archive-date=December 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Undergraduate humanities courses were strengthened, graduate-level study in these areas were slowly established. Purdue awarded its first Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1960.<ref>Topping, p. 321.</ref>

The official seal of Purdue was officially inaugurated during the university's centennial in 1969. Consisting of elements from emblems that had been used unofficially since the 1890s, the current seal depicts a [[griffin]], symbolizing strength, and a three-part shield, representing education, research, and service.{{sfn|Purdue Reamer Club|2012|pp=6–7}}

In 1975, Purdue University joined [[ARPANET]], an early packet-switching network that would ultimately become the foundation for the modern internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://som.csudh.edu/fac/lpress/history/arpamaps/|title=ARPANET Maps|access-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref>

In recent years, Purdue's leaders have continued to support high-tech research and international programs. In 1987, U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] visited the West Lafayette campus to give a speech about the influence of technological progress on job creation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reagan Hails U.S. Technology's Role |first=Gerald M. |last=Boyd |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/10/us/reagan-hails-us-technology-s-role.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 10, 1987 |page=A12 |access-date=November 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518161326/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/10/us/reagan-hails-us-technology-s-role.html |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1990s, the university added more opportunities to study abroad and expanded its course offerings in world languages and cultures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Campus Life: Purdue; The Race Is On To Ready Students For Globalization |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/25/style/campus-life-purdue-the-race-is-on-to-ready-students-for-globalization.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 25, 1990 |page=47 |access-date=November 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518173238/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/25/style/campus-life-purdue-the-race-is-on-to-ready-students-for-globalization.html |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first buildings of the Discovery Park interdisciplinary research center were dedicated in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=12097 |title=Purdue Dedicates Center For Entrepreneurship |date=October 21, 2004 |work=Inside Indiana Business |access-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113133413/http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=12097 |archive-date=January 13, 2012 }}</ref>

On April 27, 2017, Purdue University announced plans to acquire [[for-profit college]] [[Kaplan University]] and convert it to a public university in the state of Indiana, subject to multiple levels of approval.<ref>{{cite web |title=Purdue to acquire Kaplan University, increase access for millions |url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2017/Q2/purdue-to-acquire-kaplan-university,-increase-access-for-millions.html |publisher=Purdue University |access-date=April 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428050941/https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2017/Q2/purdue-to-acquire-kaplan-university,-increase-access-for-millions.html |archive-date=April 28, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> That school now operates as [[Purdue University Global]], and aims to serve adult learners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaplan University Is Now Purdue University Global |url=https://kaplan.com/individuals/earn-a-degree/ |website=Kaplan |access-date=September 10, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=September 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908121340/https://kaplan.com/individuals/earn-a-degree/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 1, 2024, Purdue launched [[Purdue University in Indianapolis]], an extension of the West Lafayette campus, after the formal split of [[Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis]]. It conveys Purdue West Lafayette degrees and has the same academic rigor as the flagship campus. Purdue currently has a {{Convert|28|acre|adj=on}} footprint in downtown [[Indianapolis]] that includes space in the existing engineering and technology buildings, and has established partnerships with companies for facilities and shared spaces throughout the [[Indianapolis metropolitan area|metro area]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purdue University in Indianapolis: Launching Purdue's first comprehensive urban campus and forming America's Hard Tech Corridor |url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2023/Q2/purdue-university-in-indianapolis-launching-purdues-first-comprehensive-urban-campus-and-forming-americas-hard-tech-corridor.html |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Purdue University|date=June 14, 2023 }}</ref>

===Integration===
Purdue had black graduates by the 1890s, and in 1905 a Black man ran for its track team. But some time in the 1910s the teams became segregated, and remained so until a student protest in 1947. Black students were not allowed to live in the residence halls until the 1940s. Black males were able to live in cooperatives, but Black females were not allowed to live anywhere in West Lafayette. In 1946, the women's dormitories were integrated by an order of the governor of Indiana.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lotus |first1=Jean L |title=Up South in Indiana |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111256626/up-south-in-indiana/ |access-date=October 13, 2022 |publisher=Journal and Courier |date=October 13, 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lotus |first1=Jean L |title=Up South in Indiana |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111256767/up-south-in-indiana/ |access-date=October 13, 2022 |publisher=Journal and Courier |date=October 13, 1993}}</ref>

Helen Williams became the first Black faculty member in 1968.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Townsend |first1=Angela |title=Purdue pioneer remembered |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63848576/ |access-date=October 13, 2022 |publisher=Journal and Courier |date=February 3, 1995}}</ref>