Editing Punjabi language (section)

== History ==
=== Etymology ===
The word ''Punjabi'' (sometimes spelled ''Panjabi'') has been derived from the word ''Panj-āb'', [[Persian language|Persian]] for 'Five Waters', referring to the five major eastern [[Tributary|tributaries]] of the [[Indus River]]. The name of the region was introduced by the [[Turko-Persian]] conquerors<ref>{{cite book|last=Canfield|first=Robert L.|title=Persia in Historical Perspective|year=1991|page=1 ("Origins")|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=[[Cambridge]], United Kingdom<!--|isbn=0-521-39094-X-->|isbn=978-0-521-52291-5}}</ref> of [[South Asia]] and was a translation of the [[Sanskrit]] name, ''Panchanada'', which means 'Land of the Five Rivers'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:375.hobson|title=Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive|first=Yule, Henry|last=Sir|date=13 August 2018|website=dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201141824/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:375.hobson|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes|title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout|first=Arthur Anthony|last=Macdonell |date=13 August 2018|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201141645/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Panj'' is [[cognate]] with [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|pañca}}'' ({{Langx|sa|पञ्च|label=none}}), [[Greek language|Greek]] ''pénte'' ({{lang|grc|πέντε}}), and [[Baltic languages|Lithuanian]] ''Penki'', all of which meaning 'five'; ''āb'' is cognate with Sanskrit ''áp'' ({{Langx|sa|अप्|label=none}}) and with the {{IAST|Av-}} of {{IAST|Avon}}. The historical [[Punjab region]], now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined [[Physical geography|physiographically]] by the [[Indus River]] and these five [[tributaries]]. One of the five, the [[Beas River]], is a tributary of another, the [[Sutlej]].

===Origin===
[[File:Tilla Jogian.jpg|thumb|[[Tilla Jogian]], Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, a hilltop associated with many Nath jogis (considered among compilers of earlier Punjabi works)]]
Punjabi developed from [[Prakrit]] languages and later {{IAST|Apabhraṃśa}} ({{Langx|sa|अपभ्रंश}}, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=punjabi+prakrit+language&pg=PA166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121195057/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> From 600&nbsp;BC, [[Sanskrit]] developed as the standard literary and administrative language and [[Prakrit]] languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit languages (Sanskrit: {{Langx|sa|प्राकृत|translit=prākṛta|label=none}}) collectively. [[Paishachi]] Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi [[Apabhraṃśa]], a descendant of Prakrit.<ref name="Singh-2019"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=G S Sidhu |url=http://archive.org/details/panjabandpanjabi_202003 |title=Panjab And Panjabi |date=2004}}</ref> Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century AD and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to the [[Nath|Nath Yogi]]-era from 9th to 14th century.<ref name="Hoiberg 2000">{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214|title=Students' Britannica India|date=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|language=en|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155537/https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214|url-status=live}}</ref> The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Shauraseni Apbhramsa]], though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore.<ref name="Hoiberg 2000"/> Writing in 1317–1318, [[Amir Khusrau]] referred to the language spoken by locals around the area of Lahore as ''Lahauri''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Anne |title=Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions |date=29 November 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429622069 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |pages=206–207 |chapter=13: The Territorialisation of Sikh Pasts}}</ref> The precursor stage of Punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries is termed 'Old Punjabi', whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as 'Medieval Punjabi'.<ref name="Languages of India"/><ref name="Bhatia-2013">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}</ref><ref name="Routledge"/><ref name="Oxford University Press"/><ref name="Austin-2008"/><ref name="Language in South Asia"/>

===Arabic and Persian influences===
{{See also|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}
The [[Arabic]] and [[New Persian|Modern Persian]] influence in the historical [[Punjab]] region began with the late first millennium [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book|title=East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab|author=Brard, G.S.S.|date=2007|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|isbn=9788170103608|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|page=81|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> Since then, many [[Persian language|Persian]] words have been incorporated into Punjabi<ref>{{cite book|title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab|author=Mir, F.|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520262690|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|page=35|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|author=Schiffman, H.|date=2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004201453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|page=314|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045040/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> (such as ''zamīn'', ''śahir'' etc.) and are used with a liberal approach. Through Persian, Punjabi also absorbed many Arabic-derived words like ''dukān'', ''ġazal'' and more, as well as [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] words like ''qēncī'', ''sōġāt'', etc. After the fall of the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh empire]], [[Urdu]] was made the official language of [[British Punjab|Punjab under the British]] (in [[Pakistani Punjab]], it is still the primary official language) and influenced the language as well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schiffman|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314|title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice|date=9 December 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20145-3|language=en|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402155506/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[second millennium]], Punjabi was [[Lexical semantics|lexically]] influenced by [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]]  (words like ''almārī''), [[Greek language|Greek]] (words like ''dām''), [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (words like ''rikśā''), [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (words like ''cāh'', ''līcī'', ''lukāṭh'') and [[English language|English]] (words like ''jajj'', ''apīl'', ''māsṭar''), though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|author1=Menon, A.S.|author2=Kusuman, K.K.|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87|page=87|access-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> In fact, the sounds /{{IPA link|z}}/ (ਜ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ز ژ ذ ض ظ}}}}), /{{IPA link|ɣ}}/ (ਗ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|غ}}}}), /{{IPA link|q}}/ (ਕ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ق}}}}), /{{IPA link|ʃ}}/ (ਸ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ش}}}}), /{{IPA link|x}}/ (ਖ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|خ}}}}) and /{{IPA link|f}}/ (ਫ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ف}}}}) are all borrowed from Persian, but in some instances the latter three arise natively. Later, the letters ਜ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ز}}}}, ਸ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ش}}}} and ਫ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ف}}}} began being used in English borrowings, with ਸ਼ / {{resize|{{nq|ش}}}} also used in [[Tatsama|Sanskrit borrowings]].

Punjabi has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Haryanvi]], [[Pashto]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English
! [[Gurmukhi]]-based ([[Punjab, India]])
! [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]-based ([[Punjab, Pakistan]])
|-
| President
|{{lang|pa|ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''rāshtarpatī''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|صدرمملکت}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''sadar-e mumlikat''}})
|-
| Article
|{{lang|pa|ਲੇਖ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''lēkh''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|مضمون}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''mazmūn''}})
|-
| Prime Minister
|{{lang|pa|ਪਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''pardhān mantarī''}})*
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|وزیراعظم}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''vazīr-e aʿzam''}})
|-
| Family
|{{lang|pa|ਪਰਵਾਰ }} ({{transliteration|pa|''parvār''}})* <br />{{lang|pa|ਟੱਬਰ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''ṭabbar''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|خاندان}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''kḥāndān''}}) <br /> {{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|ٹبّر}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''ṭabbar''}})
|-
| Philosophy
|{{lang|pa|ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''falsafā''}}) <br />{{lang|pa|ਦਰਸ਼ਨ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''darshan''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|فلسفہ}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''falsafah''}})
|-
| Capital city
|{{lang|pa|ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''rājdhānī''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|دارالحکومت}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''dār-al ḥakūmat''}})
|-
| Viewer
|{{lang|pa|ਦਰਸ਼ਕ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''darshak''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|ناظرین}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''nāzarīn''}})
|-
| Listener
|{{lang|pa|ਸਰੋਤਾ}} ({{transliteration|pa|''sarotā''}})
|{{lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|سامع}}}} ({{transliteration|pa|ALA-LC|''sāmaʿ''}})
|}
<small>Note: In more formal contexts, [[hypercorrect]] [[Sanskritized]] versions of these words (ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ''pradhān'' for ਪਰਧਾਨ ''pardhān'' and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ''parivār'' for ਪਰਵਾਰ ''parvār'') may be used.</small>

=== Modern times ===
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
Modern Punjabi emerged in the 19th century from the Medieval Punjabi stage.<ref name="Bhatia-2013" /> Modern Punjabi has two main varieties, [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi language#Eastern Punjabi (Charda Punjab)|Eastern Punjabi]], which have many dialects and forms, altogether spoken by over 150 million people. The [[Majhi dialect]], which is transitional between the two main varieties, has been adopted as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for education and mass media. The Majhi dialect originated in the [[Majha]] region of the Punjab.

In [[India]], Punjabi is written in the [[Gurmukhī]] script in offices, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the official standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Latin scripts due to influence from [[Indian English|English]], one of India's two primary official languages at the [[Government of India|Union]]-level.

In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhī]] script, which in literary standards, is identical to the [[Urdu alphabet]], however various attempts have been made to create certain, distinct characters from a modification of the Persian [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq characters]] to represent [[Punjabi phonology]], not already found in the [[Urdu alphabet]]. In Pakistan, Punjabi loans technical words from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]], just like [[Urdu]] does.