Editing Puerto Rico (section)

==Etymology==
Puerto Rico is Spanish for "rich port".<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico"/> [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]] often call the island {{lang|es|Borinquen}}, a derivation of {{lang|tnq|Borikén}}, its [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous]] [[Taíno]] name, which is popularly said to mean "Land of the Valiant Lord".<ref>{{cite book |last=Allatson |first=Paul |title=Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies |page=47 |location=Malden, Mass. |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4051-0250-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm#anchor250018 |title=Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013032642/http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 |encyclopedia=Clásicos de Puerto Rico |edition=2nd |editor=Cayetano Coll y Toste |publisher=Ediciones Latinoamericanas, S.A. |year=1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/advanceinantill00grosgoog |title=H. B. Grose, Advance in the Antilles: the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico, Presbyterian Home Missions, 1910 |publisher=Literature Dept., Presbyterian Home Missions |year=1910 |access-date=6 February 2011 |last1=Grose |first1=Howard Benjamin}}</ref> The terms {{lang|es|boricua}}, {{lang|es|borinqueño}}, and {{lang|es|borincano}} are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage,<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Boricua ''Boricua.'']  Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Accessed 9 February 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220210030451/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Boricua Archived.]</ref><ref>[https://dle.rae.es/borincano ''Borincano.''] Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Accessed 9 February 2022.[https://web.archive.org/web/20220210030619/https://dle.rae.es/borincano Archived.]</ref> and derive from {{lang|tnq|Borikén}} and {{lang|tnq|Borinquen}} respectively.<ref>Julian Granberry and Gary Vescelius. ''Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles.'' The University of Alabama Press. 2004. p.92. {{ISBN|978-0-8173-8191-2}}</ref> The island is also popularly known in Spanish as {{lang|es|La Isla del Encanto}}, meaning "the island of enchantment".<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc7FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |chapter=¡Adelante Hermanas de la Raza!, Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women's Feminismo. – The New York's World Fair: 1939–1940 |title=Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary: Four Transnational Lives |first=Patricia A. |last=Schechter |location=New York |publisher=MacMillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-137-01284-5}} Note: The phase "The Island of Enchantment" has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that [[Theodore Roosevelt Jr]]. offered in ''[[House & Garden (magazine)|House & Garden]]'' magazine in 1938.</ref>

Columbus named the island {{lang|es|San Juan Bautista}}, in honor of Saint [[John the Baptist]], while the capital city was named {{lang|es|Ciudad de Puerto Rico}} ("Rich Port City").<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico"/> Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city.{{efn|Proyecto Salón Hogar (in Spanish) "{{lang|es|Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista y a la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico. Con los años, Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan, y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico.}}"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/HistoriaPR1.htm |title=Historia de Puerto Rico |publisher=Proyectosalonhogar.com |access-date=14 April 2014 |archive-date=30 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430045127/http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Enciclopedia_Ilustrada/HistoriaPR1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The island's name was changed to ''Porto Rico'' by the United States after the [[Treaty of Paris of 1898]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp |website=The Avalon Project |publisher=[[Yale Law School]] |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708063629/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises (also ''Porto'' in Italian, French, and Portuguese). The name was changed back to Puerto Rico in 1931 by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by [[Félix Córdova Dávila]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Crafting an Identity |url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/HAIC/Historical-Essays/Foreign-Domestic/Crafting-Identity/ |website=History, Art & Archives |publisher=Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House's Office of Art and Archives |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819122410/http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/HAIC/Historical-Essays/Foreign-Domestic/Crafting-Identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|In 1932, the U.S. Congress officially back-corrected the former [[Anglicization]] of ''Porto Rico'' into the Spanish name ''Puerto Rico''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pedro A. Malavet |title=America's colony: the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC |year=2004 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5680-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&pg=PA43 43], [https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&pg=PA181 181 note 76] |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208215202/https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>To change the name of the island of ''Porto Rico'' to ''Puerto Rico'', S.J. Res 36, 72nd Congress, enacted 1932. ({{USStat|47|158}})</ref> It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the archipelago. Patricia Gherovici states that both ''Porto Rico'' and ''Puerto Rico'' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before, during, and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898. The ''Porto'' spelling, for instance, was used in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], but ''Puerto'' was used by ''[[The New York Times]]'' that same year. Nancy Morris clarifies that "a curious oversight in the drafting of the [[Foraker Act]] caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled".<ref>{{cite book |author=Patricia Gherovici |title=The Puerto Rican syndrome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC |year=2003 |publisher=Other Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-892746-75-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC&pg=PA140 140–141] |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208215157/https://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' article from 1899, after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English-speaking citizens of the American mainland.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw2ZjkgjchkC |title=Hispanic Americans in Congress, 1822–2012 |last=Historian |first=Office of the |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-092068-4 |language=en |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208215204/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw2ZjkgjchkC |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/registerportori03ricogoog |title=Register of Porto Rico |last1=Secretary's |first1=Puerto Rico |last2=Office |first2=Puerto Rico Secretary's |date=1 January 1903 |publisher=Office of the Secretary |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWczAQAAIAAJ |title=Porto Rico: A Caribbean Isle |last1=Van Deusen |first1=Richard James |last2=Van Deusen |first2=Elizabeth Kneipple |date=1931 |publisher=Henry Holt |language=en |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208215040/https://books.google.com/books?id=gWczAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGhNAAAAYAAJ |title=Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands |last=Sciences |first=New York Academy of |date=1922 |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref>

The official name of the entity in Spanish is {{lang|es|Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico}} ("Free [[Associated State]] of Puerto Rico"), while its official English name is [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)#Commonwealth of Puerto Rico|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico"/> The Spanish official name was suggested by its architect [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] and adopted by a constitutional assembly on July 25, 1952. Some authorities have called it a [[euphemism]] and have charged that the official name in English of "Commonwealth" constitutes a [[fig leaf]], i.e., associated with the covering up of an act that is actually embarrassing or distasteful with something of innocuous appearance.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5mB2mY-ac4C&pg=PT380 ''Latino/a Thought: Culture, Politics, and Society.''] Francisco H. Vazquez.  Page 380. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. 2009. Accessed 25 May 2012.</ref> Puerto Rico remains a [[territory of the United States]], exercising substantial internal self-government, but subordinated to the U.S. Constitution in areas such as foreign affairs or defense. For this reason, it is not considered to be a full-fledged associated state under either international or U.S. domestic law.<ref>[http://rozenbergquarterly.com/extended-statehood-in-the-caribbean-fifty-years-of-commonwealth-the-contradictions-of-free-associated-statehood-in-puerto-rico/ ''Extended Statehood in the Caribbean ~ Fifty Years of Commonwealth ~ The Contradictions Of Free Associated Statehood in Puerto Rico.''] Rozenberg Quarterly. Accessed 15 August 2020.</ref><ref>[http://www.bu.edu/law/workingpapers-archive/documents/lawsong_and_sloaner040809rev.pdf ''The Constitutionality of Decolonization by Associated Statehood: Puerto Rico's Legal Status Reconsidered.''] Gary Lawson and Robert D. Sloane. Boston University School of Law. Working Paper Number 09-11. 3 August 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191018000656/http://www.bu.edu/law/workingpapers-archive/documents/lawsong_and_sloaner040809rev.pdf Archived] on 18 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine.</ref>