Editing Psychological egoism (section)

==Subtypes of psychological egoism==

===Psychological hedonism===
{{main|Psychological hedonism}}
A specific form of psychological egoism is '''psychological hedonism''', the view that the ultimate motive for all voluntary human action is the desire to experience [[pleasure]] or to avoid [[suffering|pain]].  

Immediate gratification can be sacrificed for a chance of greater, future pleasure.<ref>Moore (2011).</ref> Further, humans are not motivated strictly to avoid pain and pursue pleasure, but rather humans will endure pain to achieve the greatest net pleasure.  Accordingly, all actions are tools for increasing pleasure or decreasing pain, even those defined as altruistic and those that do not cause an immediate change in satisfaction levels.

[[Elliott Sober]] argues that psychological egoist, when pressed, often has to resort to hedonism in order to maintain their position, since the supposed pleasure of acting morally can often be the only viable explanation for an altruistic action. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sober |first1=Elliott |title=Psychological Egoism |url=https://www.joelvelasco.net/teaching/tawp/Sober%2000%20-%20psych%20egoism.pdf}}</ref>

The most famous psychological egoists are [[Sextus Empiricus]], [[Pierre Bayle]], and [[Bernard Mandeville]].

===Final cause===
Some theorists explain behavior motivated by self-interest without using pleasure and pain as the [[final cause]]s of behavior.<ref>Shaver (2002); Moseley (2006).</ref>