Editing Psilocybe cubensis (section)

==Taxonomy==
The species was [[species description|first described]] in 1906 as ''Stropharia cubensis'' by American [[mycologist]] [[Franklin Sumner Earle]] in [[Cuba]].<ref name="Earle1906">{{cite journal |last=Earle |first=Franklin Summer |year=1906 |title=Algunos hongos cubanos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upZBAQAAIAAJ |journal=Información Anual Estación Central Agronomica Cuba |language=es |volume=1 |pages=225–242 [240–241]}}</ref> In 1907, it was identified as ''Naematoloma caerulescens'' in [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] (now Vietnam) by  French pharmacist and mycologist [[Narcisse Théophile Patouillard]],<ref name="Patouillard1907">{{cite journal |last=Patouillard |first=Narcisse Théophile |year=1907 |title=Champignons nouveaux du Tonkin |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9786980q/f123 |journal=Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France |language=fr |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=69–79}}</ref> while in 1941, it was called ''Stropharia cyanescens'' by [[William Alphonso Murrill]] near [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]] in [[Florida]].<ref name="Murrill1941">{{cite journal |last=Murrill |first=William Alphonso |date=1941 |title=Some Florida Novelties |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0033/003/0279.htm |journal=Mycologia |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=279–287 |doi=10.2307/3754763 |jstor=3754763}} {{closed access}}</ref> German-born mycologist [[Rolf Singer]] moved the species into the genus ''[[Psilocybe]]'' in 1949, giving it the binomial name ''Psilocybe cubensis''.<ref name="guzmanchapter" /> The [[synonym (biology)|synonyms]] were later also assigned to the species ''Psilocybe cubensis''.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Naematoloma caerulescens">{{cite web |title=''Naematoloma caerulescens'' Pat. 1907 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=521843 |access-date=2010-10-18 |work=MycoBank |publisher=International Mycological Association}}</ref><ref name="urlMycoBank: Stropharia cyanescens">{{cite web |title=''Stropharia cyanescens'' Murrill 1941 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=290107 |access-date=2010-10-18 |work=MycoBank |publisher=International Mycological Association}}</ref>

The name '' Psilocybe '' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] roots ''psilos'' (ψιλος) and ''kubê'' (κυβη),<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornelis |first=Schrevel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eUIAAAAQAAJ&q=%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B7&pg=PA358 |title=Schrevelius' Greek lexicon, tr. into Engl. with numerous corrections |year=1826 |page=358 |access-date=2011-10-04}}</ref> and translates as "bare head". ''Cubensis'' means "coming from Cuba", and refers to the type locality published by Earle.

Singer divided ''P. cubensis'' into three varieties: the nominate, which usually had a brownish cap, Murrill's ''cyanescens'' from Florida, which generally had a pale cap, and var ''caerulascens'' from Indochina with a more yellowish cap.<ref name="singer1958" />

''Psilocybe cubensis'' is commonly known as gold top, golden top or gold cap in Australia, sacred mushroom<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=Sacred Mushrooms |url=https://www.naturezadivina.com.br/cogumelos-sagrados |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=Natureza Divina}}</ref> or blue mushroom in Brazil, and San Ysidro or Palenque mushroom in the United States and Mexico, while the term "magic mushroom" has been applied to hallucinogenic mushrooms in general.<ref name="allenmerlin1991" /> It is commonly known as "Golden teacher" in South Africa.<ref name="Nkadimeng2020">{{cite journal |last1=Nkadimeng |first1=Sanah M. |last2=Steinmann |first2=Christiaan M. L. |last3=Eloff |first3=Jacobus N. |title=Effects and safety of Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens magic mushroom extracts on endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy and cell injury in cardiomyocytes |journal=Scientific Reports |date=18 December 2020 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=22314 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79328-5|pmid=33339902 |pmc=7749179 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1022314N }}</ref> A common name in Thai is "Hed keequai", which translates as "mushroom which appears after water buffalo defecates".<ref name="allenmerlin92" />

Between 2013 and 2022, several samples of an unknown species of ''Psilocybe'' mushroom were collected. These samples bore similar superficial characteristics to ''P. cubensis'', as well as similar habit and habitat. [[Microscopic scale|Microscopic]] and genetic testing of these samples led to the conclusion that they were closely related but different species, estimated to have shared a common ancestor some time in the last 3 million years. The new species has provisionally named ''Psilocybe ochraceocentrata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradshaw |first=Alexander J. |date=December 2024 |title=Discovery of the closest free-living relative of the domesticated "magic mushroom" Psilocybe cubensis in Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386541978_Discovery_of_the_closest_free-living_relative_of_the_domesticated_magic_mushroom_Psilocybe_cubensis_in_Africa |journal=ResearchGate |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>