Editing Proboscidea (section)

==Evolution==
Over 180 extinct members of Proboscidea have been described.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kingdon |first1=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC |title=Mammals of Africa |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781408189962 |page=173 |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321084755/https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC |archive-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>  The earliest members of Proboscidea like ''[[Eritherium]]'' are known from the [[Paleocene]] of Africa, around 60 million years ago, the earliest proboscideans were much smaller than living elephants, with ''Eritherium'' having a body mass of around {{Convert|3-8|kg}}.<ref name="Gheerbrant2">{{cite journal |author=Gheerbrant, E. |year=2009 |title=Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=106 |issue=26 |pages=10717–10721 |bibcode=2009PNAS..10610717G |doi=10.1073/pnas.0900251106 |pmc=2705600 |pmid=19549873 |doi-access=free}}</ref> By the late [[Eocene]], some members of Proboscidea like ''[[Barytherium]]'' had reached considerable size, with an estimated mass of around 2 tonnes,<ref name="Larramendi, A. 2015" /> while others like ''[[Moeritherium]]'' are suggested to have been semi-aquatic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Alexander G. S. C. |last2=Seiffert |first2=Erik R. |last3=Simons |first3=Elwyn L. |date=2008-04-15 |title=Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=105 |issue=15 |pages=5786–5791 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.5786L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0800884105 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2311368 |pmid=18413605 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A major event in proboscidean evolution was the collision of Afro-Arabia with Eurasia, during the Early [[Miocene]], around 18-19 million years ago allowing proboscideans to disperse from their African homeland across Eurasia, and later, around 16-15 million years ago into North America across the Bering Land Bridge. Proboscidean groups prominent during the Miocene include the [[deinothere]]s, along with the more advanced [[Elephantimorpha|elephantimorphs]], including [[Mammutidae|mammutids]] (mastodons), [[gomphothere]]s, [[Amebelodontidae|amebelodontids]] (which includes the "shovel tuskers" like ''[[Platybelodon]]''), [[Choerolophodontidae|choerolophodontids]] and [[Stegodontidae|stegodontids]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Cantalapiedra |first1=Juan L. |last2=Sanisidro |first2=Óscar |last3=Zhang |first3=Hanwen |last4=Alberdi |first4=María T. |last5=Prado |first5=José L. |last6=Blanco |first6=Fernando |last7=Saarinen |first7=Juha |date=2021-07-01 |title=The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01498-w |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=1266–1272 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w |issn=2397-334X |pmid=34211141 |bibcode=2021NatEE...5.1266C |s2cid=235712060|hdl=10261/249360 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Around 10 million years ago, the earliest members of the family [[Elephantidae]] emerged in Africa, having originated from gomphotheres.<ref>H. Saegusa, H. Nakaya, Y. Kunimatsu, M. Nakatsukasa, H. Tsujikawa, Y. Sawada, M. Saneyoshi, T. Sakai [https://apo.ansto.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/10238/9340/2/icmr_volume_low.pdf#page=188 Earliest elephantid remains from the late Miocene locality, Nakali, Kenya] Scientific Annals, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece VIth International Conference on Mammoths and Their Relatives, vol. 102, Grevena -Siatista, special volume (2014), p. 175</ref> The Late Miocene saw major climatic changes, which resulted in the decline and extinction of many proboscidean groups such as amebelodontids and choerolophodontids.<ref name=":2" /> The earliest members of modern genera of Elephantidae appeared during the latest Miocene-early Pliocene around 6-5 million years ago. The elephantid genera ''[[Elephas]]'' (which includes the living Asian elephant) and ''[[Mammuthus]]'' (mammoths) migrated out of Africa during the late Pliocene, around 3.6 to 3.2 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iannucci |first1=Alessio |last2=Sardella |first2=Raffaele |date=2023-02-28 |title=What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology |journal=Quaternary |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.3390/quat6010016 |issn=2571-550X |doi-access=free|hdl=11573/1680082 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Over the course of the [[Early Pleistocene]], all non-elephantid probobscideans outside of the Americas became extinct (including mammutids, gomphotheres and deinotheres), with the exception of ''[[Stegodon]]''.<ref name=":2" />  Gomphotheres dispersed into South America during this era as part of the [[Great American interchange]],<ref name="Mothé et al 2016 (In Press)">{{cite journal |last1=Mothé |first1=Dimila |last2=dos Santos Avilla |first2=Leonardo |last3=Asevedo |first3=Lidiane |last4=Borges-Silva |first4=Leon |last5=Rosas |first5=Mariane |last6=Labarca-Encina |first6=Rafael |last7=Souberlich |first7=Ricardo |last8=Soibelzon |first8=Esteban |last9=Roman-Carrion |first9=José Luis |last10=Ríos |first10=Sergio D. |last11=Rincon |first11=Ascanio D. |last12=Cardoso de Oliveira |first12=Gina |last13=Pereira Lopes |first13=Renato |date=30 September 2016 |title=Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) |url=http://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/bitstream/15000/17075/1/Moth%c3%a9%20et%20al.%2c%202016%20-%20Sixty%20years%20proboscideans.pdf |journal=Quaternary International |volume=443 |pages=52–64 |bibcode=2017QuInt.443...52M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028}}</ref> and mammoths migrating into North America around 1.5 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lister |first1=A. M. |last2=Sher |first2=A. V. |date=2015-11-13 |title=Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere |journal=Science |language=en |volume=350 |issue=6262 |pages=805–809 |bibcode=2015Sci...350..805L |doi=10.1126/science.aac5660 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=26564853 |s2cid=206639522}}</ref> At the end of the Early Pleistocene, around 800,000 years ago the elephantid genus ''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' dispersed outside of Africa, becoming widely distributed in Eurasia.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Lister |first=Adrian M. |title=Ecological Interactions of Elephantids in Pleistocene Eurasia |date=2004 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264788794 |work=Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor |pages=53–60 |access-date=2020-04-14 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-965-4}}</ref> By the beginning of the [[Late Pleistocene]], proboscideans were represented by around 23 species. Proboscideans underwent a dramatic decline during the Late Pleistocene as part of the [[Late Pleistocene extinctions|Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions]], with all remaining non-elephantid proboscideans (including ''Stegodon'', [[mastodon]]s, and the American gomphotheres ''[[Cuvieronius]]'' and ''[[Notiomastodon]]'') and ''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' becoming extinct, with mammoths only surviving in [[Relict (biology)|relict]] populations on islands around the [[Bering Strait]] into the Holocene, with their latest survival being on [[Wrangel Island]] around 4,000 years ago.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Rebekah L. |last2=Slatkin |first2=Montgomery |date=2017-03-02 |editor-last=Barsh |editor-first=Gregory S. |title=Excess of genomic defects in a woolly mammoth on Wrangel island |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=e1006601 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006601 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=5333797 |pmid=28253255 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The following cladogram is based on endocasts.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Benoit |first1=Julien |title=Paleoneurology of the Proboscidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria): Insights from Their Brain Endocast and Labyrinth |date=2023 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_15 |work=Paleoneurology of Amniotes |pages=579–644 |editor-last=Dozo |editor-first=María Teresa |access-date=2023-05-22 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_15 |isbn=978-3-031-13982-6 |last2=Lyras |first2=George A. |last3=Schmitt |first3=Arnaud |last4=Nxumalo |first4=Mpilo |last5=Tabuce |first5=Rodolphe |last6=Obada |first6=Teodor |last7=Mararsecul |first7=Vladislav |last8=Manger |first8=Paul |editor2-last=Paulina-Carabajal |editor2-first=Ariana |editor3-last=Macrini |editor3-first=Thomas E. |editor4-last=Walsh |editor4-first=Stig}}</ref>

{{clade
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |label1="plesielephantiforms" |top1=9%
                            |label2="mastodonts"          |top2=46%
                            }}
|label1=[[Proboscidea]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Phosphatherium esculliei]]''  [[File:Phosphatherium - head restoration.tif|50px]]  |bar1=green
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Numidotherium koholense]]''  [[File:Numidotherium koholense skull.png|50px]] |bar1=green
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Moeritherium lyonsi]]''  [[File:Moeritherium NT crop.jpg|50px]]  |bar1=green
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Deinotheriidae]]  [[File:Deinotherium12.jpg|40px]]        |bar1=green
            |label2=[[Elephantiformes]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Palaeomastodon beadnelli]]''  [[File:Palaeomastodon NT small.jpg|50px]] 
               |label2=[[Elephantimorpha]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |label1=[[Mammutida]]
                     |1={{clade
                        |1=''[[Mammut americanum]]''  [[File:Mammut americanum.png|50px]] 
                        |2=''[[Zygolophodon borsoni]]''  [[File:Mammut borsoni from Milia.jpg|50px]] 
                        }}
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Choerolophodon pentelici]]''      |bar1=purple
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Gomphotherium augustidens]]''  [[File:Gomphotherium NT small (flipped).jpg|50px]]  |bar1=purple
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=''[[Cuvieronius andium]]''  [[File:Cuvieronius hyodon2.jpg|50px]]       |bar1=purple
                           |2=''[[Stegomastodon humboldti]]''  [[File:Stegomastodon sp.png|50px]] |bar2=purple
                           |label3=[[Elephantoidea]]
                           |3={{clade
                              |1=''[[Stegodon insignis]]''  [[File:Stegodon ganesaDB.jpg|50px]]
                              |label2=[[Elephantidae]]
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1={{clade
                                    |1={{clade
                                       |1=''[[Mammuthus meridionalis]]''  [[File:Mammuthus meridionalis reconstruction 2.jpg|50px]]
                                       |2=''[[Mammuthus primigenius]]''  [[File:202003 Woolly mammoth.png|50px]]
                                       |3=''[[Mammuthus columbi]]''  [[File:Archidiskodon imperator121.jpg|50px]]
                                       }}
                                    |2=''[[Elephas maximus]]''  [[File:Indian elephant (PSF).png|50px]]
                                    }}
                                 |2=''[[Loxodonta africana]]''  [[File:African elephant (PSF).png|50px]]
                                 |label3=''[[Palaeoloxodon]]''
                                 |3={{clade
                                    |1=''[[Palaeoloxodon antiquus]]''  [[File:Palaeoloxodon_antiquus_size_comparison.png|50px]]
                                    |2=''[[Palaeoloxodon falconeri]]''  [[File:Palaeoloxodon_falconeri_Size_Comparison.svg|40px]]
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}