Editing Princeton University (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Princeton University}}

=== Founding ===
[[File:Log College.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Log College]], an influential aspect of Princeton's development|alt=A drawing of the Log College|upright=1.1]]
Princeton University, founded as the College of New Jersey, was shaped much in its formative years by the "[[Log College]]", a [[seminary]] founded by the Reverend [[William Tennent]] at [[Neshaminy, Pennsylvania]], in about 1726. While no legal connection ever existed, many of the pupils and adherents from the Log College would go on to financially support and become substantially involved in the early years of the university.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=291–292}} While early writers considered it as the predecessor of the university,<ref name="Holland-1877">{{Cite journal|date=March 1877|editor-last=Holland|editor-first=J. G.|title=Princeton College|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hnyb78&view=1up&seq=633&q1=princeton%20college|journal=[[Scribner's Monthly]]|volume=XIII|issue=5|page=626|via=[[HathiTrust]]|access-date=June 18, 2021|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624225048/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hnyb78&view=1up&seq=633&q1=princeton%20college|url-status=live}}</ref> the idea has been rebuked by Princeton historians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Craven|first=Elijah R.|date=1902|title=The Log College of Neshaminy and Princeton University|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23322482|journal=Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society|volume=1|issue=4|pages=308–314|jstor=23322482|access-date=July 24, 2021|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724223748/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23322482|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=291–292}}

The founding of the university itself originated from a split in the [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] church following the [[Great Awakening]].{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=11}} In 1741, [[Old Side–New Side Controversy|New Light]] Presbyterians were expelled from the [[Synod of Philadelphia]] in defense of how the Log College ordained ministers.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=198}} The four founders of the College of New Jersey, who were New Lights, were either expelled or withdrew from the Synod and devised a plan to establish a new college, for they were disappointed with [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Yale University|Yale]]'s opposition to the Great Awakening and dissatisfied with the limited instruction at the Log College.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=198}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=11}} They convinced three other Presbyterians to join them and decided on New Jersey as the location for the college, as at the time, there was no institution between Yale College in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], and the [[College of William & Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]; it was also where some of the founders preached.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=12}} Although their initial request was rejected by the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] governor [[Lewis Morris (governor)|Lewis Morrison]], the [[acting governor]] after Morrison's death, [[John Hamilton (New Jersey politician)|John Hamilton]], granted a charter for the College of New Jersey on October 22, 1746.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=199}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=12}} In 1747, approximately five months after acquiring the charter, the trustees elected [[Jonathan Dickinson (New Jersey minister)|Jonathan Dickinson]] as president and opened in [[Elizabeth, New Jersey]],{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=199}} where classes were held in Dickinson's [[Clergy house|parsonage]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jonathan Dickinson|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/dickinson/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183254/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/dickinson/index.html|archive-date=July 9, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> With its founding, it became the [[Colonial colleges|fourth-oldest institution]] of higher education in the United States, and one of nine colonial colleges chartered before the [[American Revolution]].<ref name="HarvardCrimson-1883" /><ref name="Princeton-History" /> The founders aimed for the college to have an expansive curriculum to teach people of various professions, not solely ministerial work.{{Sfn|Morrison|2005|p=47}}{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=199}} Though the school was open to those of any religious denomination,{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=15}} with many of the founders being of Presbyterian faith, the college became the educational and religious capital of [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] Presbyterian America.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wertenbaker|first=Thomas J.|date=December 1958|title=The College of New Jersey and the Presbyterians|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23325333|journal=Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society|volume=36|issue=4|page=213|jstor=23325333|access-date=June 18, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625023454/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23325333|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Colonial and early years ===
[[File:Aula Nassovica.jpg|thumb|From 1760, the first picture of [[Nassau Hall]]|right|alt=An engraving of Nassau Hall from 1760]]

In 1747, following the death of then President Jonathan Dickinson, the college moved from Elizabeth to [[Newark, New Jersey]], as that was where presidential successor [[Aaron Burr Sr.]]'s parsonage was located.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=199}} That same year, Princeton's first charter came under dispute by Anglicans, but on September 14, 1748, the recently appointed governor [[Jonathan Belcher]] granted a second charter.<ref name="Princetoniana-Belcher">{{cite web|title=Governor Jonathan Belcher|url=https://princetoniana.princeton.edu/history/early-years/belcher|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614190521/https://princetoniana.princeton.edu/history/early-years/belcher|archive-date=June 14, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2021|website=Princetoniana|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=200}} Belcher, a [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]], had become alienated from his [[alma mater]], Harvard, and decided to "adopt" the infant college.<ref name="Princetoniana-Belcher" />{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=15}} Belcher would go on to raise funds for the college and donate his 474-volume library, making it one of the largest libraries in the colonies.<ref name="Princetoniana-Belcher" />{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=16}}

[[File:Peale, Charles Willson, John Witherspoon (1723-1794), President (1768-94).jpg|thumb|[[John Witherspoon]], President of the college (1768–94) and signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]|alt=A portrait of John Witherspoon]]

In 1756, the college moved again to its present home in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], because Newark was felt to be too close to New York.{{Sfn|Gunning|2005|p=443}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=18–19}} Princeton was chosen for its location in [[central New Jersey]] and by strong recommendation by Belcher.<ref name="Princetoniana-Belcher" />{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=19}} The college's home in Princeton was [[Nassau Hall]], named for the royal [[William III of England]], a member of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]].{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=329}} The trustees of the College of New Jersey initially suggested that Nassau Hall be named in recognition of Belcher because of his interest in the institution; the governor vetoed the request.<ref name="Princetoniana-Belcher" />

Burr, who would die in 1757, devised a [[curriculum]] for the school and enlarged the student body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aaron Burr Sr.|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/burr/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627221122/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/burr/index.html|archive-date=June 27, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> Following the untimely death of Burr and the college's next three [[President of Princeton University|presidents]],{{Sfn|Noll|2004|p=17}} [[John Witherspoon]] became president in 1768 and remained in that post until his death in 1794.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Witherspoon">{{cite web|date=November 26, 2013|title=John Witherspoon|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/witherspoon/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321195234/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/witherspoon/|archive-date=March 21, 2021|access-date=June 20, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> With his presidency, Witherspoon focused the college on preparing a new generation of both educated clergy and secular leadership in the new American nation.{{Sfn|Morrison|2005|p=47–48}}{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=525}} To this end, he tightened academic standards, broadened the curriculum, solicited investment for the college, and grew its size.{{Sfn|Noll|2004|p=29–30}}{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=525}}

A signatory of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], Witherspoon and his leadership led the college to becoming influential to the [[American Revolution]].<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Witherspoon"/>{{Sfn|Gunning|2005|p=454}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tucker|first=Louis Leonard|date=1979|title=Centers of Sedition: Colonial Colleges and the American Revolution|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25080846|journal=Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society|volume=91|pages=16–34|jstor=25080846|access-date=July 24, 2021|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724070059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25080846|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1777, the college became the site for the [[Battle of Princeton]].<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Witherspoon"/> During the battle, British soldiers briefly occupied Nassau Hall before eventually surrendering to American forces led by General [[George Washington]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nassau Hall|url=https://princetoniana.princeton.edu/campus/nassau-hall|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318172900/https://princetoniana.princeton.edu/campus/nassau-hall|archive-date=March 18, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2021|website=Princetoniana|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> During the summer and fall of 1783, the [[Continental Congress]] and Washington met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the [[List of capitals in the United States|country's capital]] for four months;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Continental-Congress/Meeting-Places/ |title=Meeting Places for the Continental Congresses and the Confederation Congress, 1774–1789 |publisher=US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |access-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114200713/https://history.house.gov/People/Continental-Congress/Meeting-Places/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nassau Hall is where Congress learned of the peace treaty between the colonies and the British.<ref>{{cite web|title= The Nine Capitals of the United States|url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616041354/https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm|archive-date=June 16, 2021|access-date=June 18, 2021|publisher=United States Senate}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=23}} The college did suffer from the revolution, with a depreciated [[college endowment|endowment]] and hefty repair bills for Nassau Hall.{{Sfn|Gunning|2005|p=455}}

=== 19th century ===
In 1795, President [[Samuel Stanhope Smith]] took office, the first alumnus to become president.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Smith">{{cite web|title=Samuel Smith|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/smith/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628090358/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/smith/index.html|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> Nassau Hall suffered a large fire that destroyed its interior in 1802, which Smith blamed on rebellious students.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=31}} The college raised funds for reconstruction, as well as the construction of two new buildings.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=444}} In 1807, a large student riot occurred at Nassau Hall, spurred by underlying distrust of educational reforms by Smith away from the Church.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Smith" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Lange|first=Gregg|date=March 21, 2007|title=PAW Web Exclusives: Under the Ivy|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~paw/columns/under_the_ivy/uti032107.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104025900/http://www.princeton.edu/~paw/columns/under_the_ivy/uti032107.html|archive-date=January 4, 2020|access-date=July 4, 2021|website=[[Princeton Alumni Weekly]]|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> Following Smith's mishandling of the situation, falling enrollment, and faculty resignations, the trustees of the university offered resignation to Smith, which he accepted.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=444}} In 1812, [[Ashbel Green]] was unanimously elected by the trustees of the college to become the eighth president.<ref name="Lewis-1957">{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Robert E.|date=September 1957|title=ASHBEL GREEN, 1762—1848—PREACHER, EDUCATOR, EDITOR|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23325169|journal=Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society|volume=35|issue=3|pages=145–147|jstor=23325169}}</ref> After the liberal tenure of Smith, Green represented the conservative "Old Side", in which he introduced rigorous disciplinary rules and heavily embraced religion.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Green">{{cite web|title=Ashbel Green|url=https://www.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/green/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704063524/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/green/|archive-date=July 4, 2019|access-date=June 29, 2015|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=229}} Even so, believing the college was not religious enough, he took a prominent role in establishing the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] next door.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Green" /><ref name="Lewis-1957" /> While student riots were a frequent occurrence during Green's tenure, enrollment did increase under his administration.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=230}}

In 1823, [[James Carnahan]] became president, arriving as an unprepared and timid leader.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Carnahan">{{cite web|title=James Carnahan|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/carnahan/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628205830/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/carnahan/index.html|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=July 5, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=52}} With the college riven by conflicting views between students, faculty, and trustees, and enrollment hitting its lowest in years, Carnahan considered closing the university.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Carnahan" /> Carnahan's successor, [[John Maclean Jr.]], who was only a professor at the time, recommended saving the university with the help of alumni; as a result, Princeton's alumni association, led by [[James Madison]], was created and began raising funds.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Carnahan" />{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=81}} With Carnahan and Maclean, now vice-president, working as partners, enrollment and faculty increased, tensions decreased, and the college campus expanded.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=81}} Maclean took over the presidency in 1854, and led the university through the [[American Civil War]].<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Maclean">{{cite web|title=John Maclean|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/maclean/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628145417/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/maclean/index.html|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=July 5, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> When Nassau Hall burned down again in 1855,<ref>{{cite web|title=3. The Fire of 1855|url=https://www.princetonianamuseum.org/artifact/de3eff9c-7aff-41d7-8ee5-c1fae3f2f8bf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706040843/https://www.princetonianamuseum.org/artifact/de3eff9c-7aff-41d7-8ee5-c1fae3f2f8bf|archive-date=July 6, 2021|access-date=July 5, 2021|website=Princetoniana Museum|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> Maclean raised funds and used the money to rebuild Nassau Hall and run the university on an [[austerity]] budget during the war years.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Maclean" /> With a third of students from the college being from the South, enrollment fell.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=298}} Once many of the Southerners left, the campus became a sharp proponent for the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]],{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=64}} even bestowing an honorary degree to [[Abraham Lincoln|President Lincoln]].{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=65}}[[File:James McCosh.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[James McCosh]], President of the college (1868–88)|alt=A portrait of James McCosh]] [[James McCosh]] became the college's president in 1868, and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the war.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=301–304}} During his two decades of service, he overhauled the curriculum, oversaw an expansion of inquiry into the sciences, recruited distinguished faculty, and supervised the addition of a number of buildings in the [[High Victorian Gothic]] style to the campus.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=301–304}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=72}} McCosh's tenure also saw the creation and rise of many extracurricular activities, like the [[Princeton Glee Club]], the [[Princeton Triangle Club|Triangle Club]], the first intercollegiate football team, and the first permanent [[Eating clubs at Princeton University|eating club]],<ref>{{cite web|title=James McCosh|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/mccosh/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629022525/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/mccosh/index.html|archive-date=June 29, 2021|access-date=July 5, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> as well as the elimination of fraternities and sororities.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=82}} In 1879, Princeton conferred its first [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctorates]] on James F. Williamson and William Libby, both members of the Class of 1877.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://gradschool.princeton.edu/about/history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316041323/https://gradschool.princeton.edu/about/history|archive-date=March 16, 2021|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=The Graduate School|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>

[[Francis Landey Patton|Francis Patton]] took the presidency in 1888, and although his election was not met by unanimous enthusiasm, he was well received by undergraduates.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Patton">{{cite web|title=Francis Patton|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/patton/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628152800/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/patton/index.html|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=July 5, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> Patton's administration was marked by great change, for Princeton's enrollment and faculty had doubled. At the same time, the college underwent large expansion and social life was changing in reflection of the rise in [[eating clubs]] and burgeoning interest in athletics.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=355}} In 1893, the honor system was established, allowing for unproctored exams.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=102}}{{Sfn|Fiske|Lecuyer|2019|p=566}} In 1896, the college officially became a university,{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=91}} and as a result, it officially changed its name to Princeton University.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 25, 1896|title=Review of the Week|page=6|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|quote="The name of the college was changed to Princeton University."}}</ref> In 1900, the [[Princeton University Graduate School|Graduate School]] was formally established.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=91}} Even with such accomplishments, Patton's administration remained lackluster with its administrative structure{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=356}} and towards its educational standards.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=102}} Due to profile changes in the board of trustees and dissatisfaction with his administration, he was forced to resign in 1902.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=356}}

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Woodrow Wilson 1902 cph.3b11773.jpg|alt=A portrait of Woodrow Wilson as president of Princeton|left|thumb|[[Woodrow Wilson]], President of Princeton University (1902–10) and 28th [[president of the United States]]]]
Following Patton's resignation, [[Woodrow Wilson]], an alumnus and popular professor, was elected the 13th president of the university.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Wilson">{{cite web|title=Woodrow Wilson|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/wilson/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627221344/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/wilson/index.html|archive-date=June 27, 2021|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=96}} Noticing falling academic standards, Wilson orchestrated significant changes to the curriculum, where freshman and sophomores followed a unified curriculum while juniors and seniors concentrated study in one discipline.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=513}} Ambitious seniors were allowed to undertake independent work, which would eventually shape Princeton's emphasis on the practice for the future.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=104}} Wilson further reformed the educational system by introducing the preceptorial system in 1905,{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=513}} a then-unique concept in the United States that augmented the standard lecture method of teaching with a more personal form in which small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Griffin|first1=Nathaniel|date=April 1910|title=The Princeton Preceptorial System|url=|journal=The Sewanee Review|volume=18|issue=2|pages=169–176|jstor=27532370}}</ref> The changes brought about many new faculty and cemented Princeton's academics for the first half of the 20th century.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=107}} Due to the tightening of academic standards, enrollment declined severely until 1907.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=513}} In 1906, the reservoir [[Lake Carnegie]] was created by [[Andrew Carnegie]],{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=268–269}} and the university officially became [[nonsectarian]].{{Sfn|Axtell|2006|p=330}} Before leaving office, Wilson strengthened the science program to focus on "pure" research and broke the Presbyterian lock on the board of trustees.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Wilson" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heckscher|first=August|url=https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilson00heck/mode/2up|title=Woodrow Wilson: A Biography|publisher=Macmillan|year=1991|isbn=978-0-684-19312-0|location=New York|page=155}}</ref> However, he did fail in winning support for the permanent location of the Graduate School and the elimination of the eating clubs, which he proposed replacing with quadrangles, a precursor to the residential college system.{{Sfn|Axtell|2006|p=1}} Wilson also continued to keep Princeton closed off from accepting Black students.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Reilly|first=Kenneth|date=1997|title=The Jim Crow Policies of Woodrow Wilson|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2963252|journal=[[The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education]]|publisher=The JBHE Foundation, Inc|issue=17|pages=117–121|doi=10.2307/2963252|jstor=2963252|access-date=July 20, 2021|archive-date=July 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721163714/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2963252|url-status=live|issn = 1077-3711}}</ref> When an aspiring Black student wrote a letter to Wilson, he got his secretary to reply telling him to attend a university where he would be more welcome.{{Sfn|Bradley|2010|p=112}}

[[John Grier Hibben]] became president in 1912, and would remain in the post for two decades.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Hibben|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/hibben/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628004116/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/hibben/index.html|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> On October 2, 1913, the [[Princeton University Graduate College]] was dedicated.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=268–269}} When the United States entered [[World War I]] in 1917, Hibben allocated all available University resources to the government. As a result, military training schools opened on campus and laboratories and other facilities were used for research and operational programs. Overall, more than 6,000 students served in the armed forces, with 151 dying during the war.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=252–253}} After the war, enrollment spiked and the trustees established the system of selective admission in 1922.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=117–118}} From the 1920s to the 1930s, the student body featured many students from preparatory schools, zero Black students, and dwindling Jewish enrollment because of quotas.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=119}} Aside from managing Princeton during WWI, Hibben introduced the senior thesis in 1923 as a part of The New Plan of Study.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=253–254}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=122}} He also brought about great expansion to the university, with the creation of the School of Architecture in 1919, the School of Engineering in 1921, and the School of Public and International Affairs in 1930.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=254}} By the end of his presidency, the endowment had increased by 374 percent, the total area of the campus doubled, the faculty experienced impressive growth, and the enrollment doubled.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=254–255}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=122}}

Hibben's successor, [[Harold W. Dodds|Harold Willis Dodds]] would lead the university through the [[Great Depression]], [[World War II]], and the [[Korean War|Korean Conflict]].<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Dodds">{{cite web|title=Harold Dodds|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/dodds/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628205941/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/dodds/index.html|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University}}</ref> With the Great Depression, many students were forced to withdraw due to financial reasons.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=123}} At the same time, Princeton's reputation in physics and mathematics surged as many European scientists left for the United States due to uneasy tension caused by [[Nazi Germany]].{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=125}} In 1930, the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] was founded to provide a space for the influx of scientists, such as [[Albert Einstein]].{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=125–126}} Many Princeton scientists would work on the [[Manhattan Project]] during the war,{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=127}} including the entire physics department.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=164}} During World War II, Princeton offered an accelerated program for students to graduate early before entering the armed forces.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=138}} Student enrollment fluctuated from month to month, and many faculty were forced to teach unfamiliar subjects. Still, Dodds maintained academic standards and would establish a program for servicemen, so they could resume their education once discharged.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=138–139}}

===1945 to present===
[[File:Princeton University Forrestal Campus (1), Oct. 2024.jpg|thumb|right|Center of Forrestal Campus]]
The post-war years saw scholars renewing broken bonds through numerous conventions, expansion of the campus, and the introduction of distribution requirements.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=139}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=137}} The period saw the desegregation of Princeton, which was stimulated by changes to the New Jersey constitution.{{Sfn|Bradley|2010|p=115}} Princeton began undertaking a sharper focus towards research in the years after the war, with the construction of Firestone Library in 1948 and the establishment of the Forrestal Research Center in nearby [[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey|Plainsboro Township]] in the 1950s.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=158}} Government sponsored research increased sharply, particularly in the physics and engineering departments,{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=165–166}} with much of it occurring at the new Forrestal campus.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=168}} Though, as the years progressed, scientific research at the Forrestal campus declined, and in 1973, some of the land was converted to commercial and residential spaces.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=170}}

[[Robert F. Goheen|Robert Goheen]] would succeed Dodds by unanimous vote and serve as president until 1972.<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Goheen|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/goheen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702024907/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/goheen/|archive-date=July 2, 2020|access-date=July 22, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> Goheen's presidency was characterized as being more liberal than previous presidents, and his presidency would see a rise in Black applicants,{{Sfn|Bradley|2010|p=116}} as well as the eventual coeducation of the university in 1969.<ref name="Princeton-Library" /> During this period of rising diversity, the Third World Center (now known as the Carl A. Fields Center) was dedicated in 1971.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=466}} Goheen also oversaw great expansion for the university, with square footage increasing by 80 percentage.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=219}}

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Princeton experienced unprecedented activism, with most of it centered on the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Anderson-2019">{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=James|date=November 15, 2019|title=Peace in Palmer Square: A history of Vietnam War activism|work=[[The Daily Princetonian]]|url=https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2019/11/peace-in-palmer-square-a-history-of-vietnam-war-activism|access-date=July 23, 2021|archive-date=July 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723071952/https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2019/11/peace-in-palmer-square-a-history-of-vietnam-war-activism|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=196}} While Princeton activism initially remained relatively timid compared to other institutions,<ref name="Anderson-2019" /> protests began to grow with the founding of a local chapter of [[Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) in 1965, which organized many of the later Princeton protests.<ref name="Anderson-2019" /> In 1966, the SDS gained prominence on campus following [[picketing]] against a speech by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], which gained frontpage coverage by the ''New York Times.''{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=199}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Ronald|date=May 12, 1966|title=PRESIDENT URGES SCHOLARS TO BACK WAR IN VIETNAM; Replies to Fulbright Charge of 'Arrogance of Power' Speaks at Princeton 300 PICKET ON CAMPUS Plea for Understanding by 'Responsible' Intellectuals Is Heard by 3,000 PRESIDENT SEEKS AID OF SCHOLARS|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/05/12/archives/president-urges-scholars-to-back-war-in-vietnam-replies-to.html|access-date=July 23, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A notable point of contention on campus was the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] (IDA) and would feature multiple protests,<ref name="Anderson-2019" /> some of which required police action.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=209–211}} In 1967, SDS members and sympathizers beat the campus [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|R.O.T.C.]] chapter in a game of [[Touch football (American)|touch football]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philips |first=McCandlish |date=November 18, 1967 |title=Princeton War Debate Taken to Ball Field; Pacifist Team Beats R.O.T.C. in Touch Football Game |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/18/archives/princeton-war-debate-taken-to-ball-field-pacifist-team-beats-rotc.html |access-date=January 19, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |pages=12 |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120035223/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/18/archives/princeton-war-debate-taken-to-ball-field-pacifist-team-beats-rotc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As the years went on, the protests' agenda broadened to investments in South Africa, environmental issues, and women's rights.<ref name="Anderson-2019" />{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=202}} In response to these broadening protests, the Council of the Princeton University Community (CPUC) was founded to serve as a method for greater student voice in governance.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=204}} Activism culminated in 1970 with a student, faculty, and staff member [[General strike|strike]], so the university could become an "institution against expansion of the war."{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=207–209}}{{Efn|The strike was part of the broader [[Student Strike of 1970]].}} Princeton's protests would taper off later that year, with ''The'' ''Daily Princetonian'' saying that, "Princeton 1970–71 was an emotionally burned out university."

In 1982, the residential college system was officially established under Goheen's successor [[William G. Bowen]], who would serve until 1988.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=269}}<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Bowen">{{cite web|title=William Bowen|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/bowen/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629022527/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/bowen/index.html|archive-date=June 29, 2021|access-date=July 22, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> During his presidency, Princeton's endowment increased from $625 million to $2 billion, and a major fundraising drive known as "A Campaign for Princeton" was conducted.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Bowen" /> President [[Harold Tafler Shapiro|Harold T. Shapiro]] would succeed Bowen and remain president until 2001. Shapiro would continue to increase the endowment, expand academic programs, raise student diversity, and oversee the most renovations in Princeton's history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harold Shapiro|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/shapiro/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627211631/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/shapiro/index.html|archive-date=June 27, 2021|access-date=July 22, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> One of Shapiro's initiatives was the formation of the multidisciplinary Princeton Environmental Institute in 1994, renamed the [[High Meadows Environmental Institute]] in 2020.<ref name="Wohlforth">{{cite news |last1=Wohlforth |first1=Charles |title=PEI Celebrates 25 Years: Princeton's Hub of Environmental Studies Surveys the Global Challenges Ahead |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/pei-celebrates-25-years-princetons-hub-environmental-studies-surveys-global-challenges-ahead |access-date=June 29, 2023 |work=Princeton Alumni Weekly |date=December 4, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Valenti">{{cite news |last1=Valenti |first1=Denise |title=Can the humanities help solve climate change? |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2022/08/29/can-humanities-help-solve-climate-change |access-date=June 22, 2023 |work=Princeton University |date=August 29, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613022400/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2022/08/29/can-humanities-help-solve-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, Princeton shifted the financial aid policy to a system that replaced all loans with grants.<ref name="Moroz-2001" /> That same year, Princeton elected its first female president, [[Shirley M. Tilghman]].<ref name="Horwitz-2001" /> Before retiring in 2012, Tilghman expanded financial aid offerings and conducted several major construction projects like the Lewis Center for the Arts and a sixth residential college.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaminer|first=Ariel|date=September 22, 2012|title=Princeton President Announces She Will Step Down|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/education/shirley-tilghman-princeton-president-says-she-will-step-down.html|access-date=July 22, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613022513/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/education/shirley-tilghman-princeton-president-says-she-will-step-down.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tilghman also led initiatives for more global programs, the creation of an office of sustainability, and investments into the sciences.{{Sfn|Durkee|2022|p=14}}

Princeton's 20th and current president, [[Christopher L. Eisgruber|Christopher Eisgruber]], was elected in 2013.<ref name="Yee-2013">{{Cite news|last=Yee|first=Vivian|date=April 21, 2013|title=Princeton Chooses Its Provost to Become Its Next President|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/22/nyregion/princeton-names-provost-eisgruber-as-president.html|access-date=July 22, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722224536/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/22/nyregion/princeton-names-provost-eisgruber-as-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Princeton University unveiled a large-scale [[public history]] and [[digital humanities]] investigation into its historical involvement with [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] called the Princeton & Slavery Project. The project saw the publication of hundreds of primary sources, 80 scholarly essays, a scholarly conference, a series of short plays, and an art project.<ref name="Schuessler-2017">{{Cite news|last=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=November 6, 2017|title=Princeton Digs Deep Into Its Fraught Racial History|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/arts/princeton-digs-deep-into-its-fraught-racial-history.html|access-date=February 22, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222184933/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/arts/princeton-digs-deep-into-its-fraught-racial-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2018, university trustees announced that they would name two public spaces for James Collins Johnson and [[Betsey Stockton]], enslaved people who lived and worked on Princeton's campus and whose stories were publicized by the project.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=April 17, 2018|title=Princeton to Name Two Campus Spaces in Honor of Slaves|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/arts/princeton-to-name-two-campus-spaces-in-honor-of-slaves.html|access-date=February 22, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223020434/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/arts/princeton-to-name-two-campus-spaces-in-honor-of-slaves.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, large-scale student activism again entered the mainstream concerning the school's implementation of federal [[Title IX]] policy relating to [[campus sexual assault]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fink |first1=Jenni |title=Princeton Students Protest Title IX Process, Demand Firing of Administrator |url=https://www.newsweek.com/princeton-students-protest-title-ix-demand-firing-faculty-1421460 |access-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118193010/https://www.newsweek.com/princeton-students-protest-title-ix-demand-firing-faculty-1421460 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kang |first1=Jimin |title=Princeton Students Are Sitting In for Title IX Reform |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/princeton-students-are-sitting-in-for-title-ix-reform/ |access-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118193011/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/princeton-students-are-sitting-in-for-title-ix-reform/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The activism consisted of [[sit-in]]s in response to a student's disciplinary sentence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vagianos |first1=Alanna |title=A Sexual Assault Survivor At Princeton Tried To Protest. Instead, She Was Fined $2,700. |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sexual-assault-survivor-princeton-protests-title-ix_n_5cdad56ee4b0615b0819c2a2 |access-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118194505/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sexual-assault-survivor-princeton-protests-title-ix_n_5cdad56ee4b0615b0819c2a2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2024, students joined [[List of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the United States in 2024|other campuses across the United States]] in protests and establishing encampments against the [[Gaza war]] and the [[Palestinian genocide accusation|alleged genocide of Palestinians]] in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Palestine organizers mark return to campus with protest |url=https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2024/09/princeton-news-following-tightened-protest-regulations-pro-palestinian-organizations-hold-protest |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Princetonian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From LA to NY, pro-Palestine college campus protests grow strong in US |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/4/27/from-la-to-new-york-student-protests-in-support-of-palestine-grow-strong |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Razia |date=2024-04-29 |title=Princeton Students Join the Gaza Solidarity Movement |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/princeton-campus-protest-gaza/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378}}</ref> The protestors called for [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|divestment from Israel]],<ref name="dailyprincetonian.com">{{Cite web |title=Day six of 'Gaza Solidarity Encampment' at Princeton |url=https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2024/04/princeton-news-live-update-sit-in-gaza-solidarity-encampment-sixth-day-clio-hall-cannon-green-mccosh |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Princetonian |language=en-US}}</ref> started a hunger strike and were joined by faculty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Over dozen US university faculty members join pro-Gaza hunger strikers |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/over-dozen-us-university-faculty-members-join-pro-gaza-hunger-strikers/3216677 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title='We are doing this in solidarity with the people of Gaza': a Princeton student explains why he's currently part of a hunger strike |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2024/05/we-are-doing-this-in-solidarity-with-the-people-of-gaza-a-princeton-student-explains-why-hes-currently-part-of-a-hunger-strike/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Mondoweiss |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[sit-in]] of Clio Hall led to arrests by police.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandt |first=Joe |date=2024-04-25 |title=Pro-Palestinian groups protest at Princeton University amid wave of college protests - CBS Philadelphia |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/princeton-university-college-campus-palestinian-protests-today/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dailyprincetonian.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title=13 protesters arrested at Princeton: 'We prayed and sang together while zip-tied' |url=https://6abc.com/princeton-university-rutgers-new-jersey-palestinian-protests/14746032/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=6abc Philadelphia |language=en}}</ref> Activism and protests continued in the new academic year starting September 2024 with administrators facing calls for resignation from faculty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top administrators reflect on protests at first USG meeting, Calhoun makes rare student-facing appearance |url=https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2024/09/princeton-news-stlife-usg-policy-updates-protests-dean-crotty-vp-calhoun |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Princetonian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Pro-Palestinian Protesters Return With Rally, March to Nassau Hall |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/pro-palestinian-protesters-return-rally-march-nassau-hall |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Princeton Alumni Weekly |language=en}}</ref>

=== Coeducation ===
[[File:Pyne Hall, Princeton University.jpg|thumb|Pyne Hall, where the first female students lived on campus.|upright=1.1]]

Princeton explicitly prohibited the admission of women from its founding in 1746 until 1969. Since it lacked an affiliated women's college, it was often referred to as a "monastery", both lovingly and derisively, by members of the Princeton community.<ref name="Markham-1962" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 14, 1954 |title=Dodds, Firstenberg Air Views on Responsibility |url=https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/?a=d&d=Princetonian19540514-01.2.5&srpos=61&e=-------en-20-Princetonian-61-byDA-txt-txIN-monastery------ |journal=[[The Daily Princetonian]] |volume=LXXVIII |issue=67 |pages=1 |quote="In reply to criticisms of the university as a 'secular monastery,' Dr. Dodds observed, 'the undergraduate of years ago would have been shocked by anything different from the monastic atmosphere of which he was so proud.'" |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709202920/https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/?a=d&d=Princetonian19540514-01.2.5&srpos=61&e=-------en-20-Princetonian-61-byDA-txt-txIN-monastery------ |url-status=live }}</ref>
For about a decade, from 1887 to 1897, nearby [[Evelyn College for Women]] was largely composed of daughters of professors and sisters of Princeton undergraduates. While no legal connection existed, many Princeton professors taught there and several Princeton administrators, such as Francis Patton, were on its board of trustees. It closed in 1897 following the death of its founder, [[Joshua Hall McIlvaine|Joshua McIlvaine]].{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=170–171}}

In 1947, three female members of the library staff enrolled in beginning Russian courses to deal with an increase in Russian literature in the library.<ref name="Princeton-Library">{{cite web|title=Research Guides: Coeducation: History of Women at Princeton University|url=https://libguides.princeton.edu/c.php?g=84581&p=543232|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513202343/https://libguides.princeton.edu/c.php?g=84581&p=543232|archive-date=May 13, 2021|access-date=June 20, 2021|website=Princeton University Library|publisher=Princeton University|language=en}}</ref> In 1961, Princeton admitted its first female graduate student, Sabra Follett Meservey,<ref name="Markham-1962">{{Cite news|last=Markham|first=James M.|date=October 1, 1962|title=Grad School Accepts...Eight Women and the End of a Monastery|work=[[The Daily Princetonian]]|url=https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/princetonperiodicals?a=d&d=Princetonian19621001-01.2.2&srpos=4&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|access-date=July 20, 2021|archive-date=July 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720020322/https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/princetonperiodicals?a=d&d=Princetonian19621001-01.2.2&srpos=4&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|url-status=live}}</ref> who would go on to be the first woman to earn a master's degree at Princeton.<ref name="Princeton-Library" /> Meservey was, at the time of her admission, already a member of the faculty at Douglass College within Princeton. The dean of the graduate school issued a statement clarifying that Meservey's admission was an exception, and that "Princeton may permit other women in the future as special cases, but does not plan to make general admissions of women graduate students."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Donald R. |date=April 18, 1961 |title=Dean Clarifies Official Policy of Grad School |url=https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/imageserver.pl?oid=Princetonian19610418-01&getpdf=true |journal=The Daily Princetonian |volume=LXXXV |issue=51 |pages=4 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709202917/https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/imageserver.pl?oid=Princetonian19610418-01&getpdf=true |url-status=live }}</ref> The student-run ''Daily Princetonian'' ran four articles about Meservey in one issue,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 18, 1961 |title=Princeton Takes First Woman Student As Local Resident Enters Grad School: Ms. Meservey Begins Study Toward Degree |url=https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/imageserver.pl?oid=Princetonian19610418-01&getpdf=true |journal=[[The Daily Princetonian]] |volume=LXXXV |issue=51 |pages=1, 4 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709202917/https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/imageserver.pl?oid=Princetonian19610418-01&getpdf=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McWhirter |first=William A. |date=April 18, 1961 |title=School News Stirs Routine of Housewife |url=https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/imageserver.pl?oid=Princetonian19610418-01&getpdf=true |journal=[[The Daily Princetonian]] |volume=LXXV |issue=51 |pages=1, 4 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709202917/https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/imageserver.pl?oid=Princetonian19610418-01&getpdf=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal  |date=April 18, 1961 |title=Not a Precedent? |url=https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/imageserver.pl?oid=Princetonian19610418-01&getpdf=true |journal=[[The Daily Princetonian]] |volume=LXXXV |issue=51 |pages=2 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=June 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613022405/https://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/imageserver.pl?oid=Princetonian19610418-01&getpdf=true |url-status=live }}</ref> including an editorial lamenting the potential "far reaching implications" of Meservey's admission which concluded: "Princeton is unique as an undergraduate men's college and must remain so."<ref name=":1" /> Eight more women enrolled the following year in the Graduate School.<ref name="Markham-1962" /> In 1964, T'sai-ying Cheng became the first woman at Princeton to receive a Ph.D. In 1963, five women came to Princeton for one year to study "critical languages" as undergraduates, but were not candidates for a Princeton degree.<ref name="Princeton-Library" /> Following abortive discussions with [[Sarah Lawrence College]] to relocate the women's college to Princeton and merge it with the university in 1967,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Folsom|first=Merrill|date=June 3, 1967|title=SARAH LAWRENCE DECLINES MERGER; Talks With Princeton Fail, but Men Students Are Foreseen in Future|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/03/archives/sarah-lawrence-declines-merger-talks-with-princeton-fail-but-men.html|access-date=July 20, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720011951/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/03/archives/sarah-lawrence-declines-merger-talks-with-princeton-fail-but-men.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the administration commissioned a report on admitting women. The final report was issued in January 1969, supporting the idea.<ref name="Princeton-Library" /> That same month, Princeton's trustees voted 24–8 in favor of coeducation and began preparing the institution for the transition.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 13, 1969|title=Princeton's Board Backs Coeducation But Sets No Date|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/01/13/archives/princetons-board-backs-coeducation-but-sets-no-date.html|access-date=July 20, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720020321/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/01/13/archives/princetons-board-backs-coeducation-but-sets-no-date.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The university finished these plans in April 1969 and announced there would be coeducation in September.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=530}} Ultimately, 101 female freshman and 70 female transfer students enrolled at Princeton in September 1969.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Syken|first=Bill|title=Princeton's First Female Students|magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]|url=https://www.life.com/history/fifty-years-ago-princeton-admitted-its-first-female-students/|access-date=July 19, 2021|archive-date=July 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720020322/https://www.life.com/history/fifty-years-ago-princeton-admitted-its-first-female-students/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=530}}{{Efn|505 women applied to join the Princeton freshman class.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=183}}}} Those admitted were housed in Pyne Hall, a fairly isolated dormitory; a security system was added, although the women deliberately broke it within a day.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=185}}

In 1971, Mary St. John Douglas and Susan Savage Speers became the first female trustees,<ref name="Princeton-Library" /> and in 1974, quotas for men and women were eliminated.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=187}} Following a 1979 lawsuit, the eating clubs were required to go coeducational in 1991, after an appeal to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] was denied.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 23, 1991|title=Princeton Eating Club Loses Bid to Continue Ban on Women|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-23-mn-751-story.html|access-date=June 18, 2021|issn=2165-1736|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201925/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-23-mn-751-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, Princeton elected its first female president.<ref name="Horwitz-2001">{{Cite journal|last=Horwitz|first=Stephen|date=2001|title=Biologist becomes first woman to lead Princeton|journal=[[Nature Medicine]]|volume=7|issue=6|page=646|doi=10.1038/88993|s2cid=35267000|doi-access=free}}</ref>