Editing Pownal, Vermont (section)

==History==

During the [[Woodland period]], the area was settled by the [[Mahican]] people, with others, such as the [[Mohawk nation|Mohawks]], traveling across it. By the late 17th century, Europeans may have entered the area as a result of the establishment of the Dutch [[patroon]]ship owned by [[Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)|Kiliaen van Rensselaer]], the [[Manor of Rensselaerswyck]], which extended west and east out of [[Albany, New York|Albany]] and the fur trading community of [[Beverwyck]]. The southwestern corner of Pownal was part of the patroonship.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Rensselaerswyck passed into English control in 1664. The first European settlers may have entered the area in the 1730s.<ref name="newenglandtowns.org">[http://newenglandtowns.org/vermont/pownal Hayward's ''New England Gazetteer of 1839'']</ref> Those settlers may have been Dutch or other Europeans who leased land within Rensselaerwyck. On January 28, 1760, [[Province of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] Governor [[Benning Wentworth]] chartered Pownal, which he named after his fellow royal governor, [[Thomas Pownall]] of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OcoMAAAAYAAJ&dq=coolidge%20mansfield%20history%20description%20new%20england%201859&pg=PA878 Austin J. Coolidge & John B. Mansfield, '' A History and Description of New England;'' Boston, Massachusetts 1859]</ref>

Thereafter, settlers, primarily of English descent, began to arrive from Massachusetts, [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]] and [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]]. In 1766, 185 male heads of households in Pownal sent a petition to [[George III]], asking that their land claims be recognized and that the fees required to do so be waived. Since Wentworth had granted to settlers land that the [[Province of New York]] also claimed, legal and physical conflicts broke out between "Yorkers" and settlers in the [[New Hampshire Grants]] (or "The Grants"). As a result, a number of Pownal residents joined the [[Green Mountain Boys]] under [[Ethan Allen]].

By the [[American Revolution]], the town was deeply divided between "[[Yankee]]s" and the Tories, those sympathetic to England, each of whom considered himself or herself a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]]. Tories were often arrested and imprisoned.

These tensions were strong enough that when British General [[John Burgoyne]]'s [[Saratoga campaign]] brought conflict to the area, Vermonters fought on both sides. William Card, originally of Rhode Island, fought for the British at the [[Battle of Bennington]] along with four of his sons: Jonathan, Elisha, Philo (or possible Peleg), and Stephen.<ref>National Archives of Canada, WO 28/10, Reel B-2867, pp.&nbsp;17–18. Found on the NY GenWeb Rensselaer County, The Loyalist Muster Roll of 1777 by Capt Samuel McKay at Chateauguay, Quebec, December 20, 1777.</ref> The battle, a virtually complete American victory, resulted in the capture of the elder Card and all four of his sons, but they were soon released. Three years later, William Card's grandsons Thomas and Jonathan would serve in a Vermont Patriot regiment.<ref>HeritageQuest Revolutionary War Papers Series: M805 Roll: 160 Image: 31 File: S12447 Pages: 1-7 and Series: M805 Roll: 160 Image: 89 File: S10430 Pages: 1-8</ref>
  
By the end of the Revolution, most Tories had fled Pownal for safety among the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s who resettled in Canada. The novel ''Memoir of a Green Mountain Boy'' starts and ends in Pownal during the early years of the Revolution.

[[Image:Mooar-Wright House, Pownal, VT.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Mooar-Wright House]] in 1909, one of the [[List of the oldest buildings in Vermont|oldest houses in Vermont]]]]
The oldest house in both Pownal and Vermont is the Mooar-Wright House, possibly built in the 1750s. Some think it may have been built by John Defoe (or DeVoet), a Tory who was imprisoned in 1776, escaped, fought on the side of the British and [[Hessian (soldiers)|Hessian]] forces at the [[Battle of Bennington]], was captured, escaped again, and settled in Canada. Others believe the Mooar-Wright house was built by Charles Wright in 1765.

Pownal citizens have long prided themselves on their independent spirit. In 1789, a touring minister, the Rev. Nathan Perkins, described the town this way:  " ... Pawnal ye first town, poor land – very unpleasant – very uneven – miserable set of inhabitants – no religion, Rhode Island haters of religion – Baptists, quakers, & some Presbyterians – no meeting house."

Today Pownal has five churches. The oldest church, Pownal Center Community Church, was organized in 1794 as the Union Church, serving both [[Baptists]] and [[Methodism|Methodists]], and open to any denomination. The first church was a log structure. It was replaced in 1849 by the present church, jointly owned by the town and church.<ref>{{cite web|title=Church History|url=http://www.pownalcenterchurch.com/church-history/|website=Pownal Center Community Church|access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> This church has a unique history as it was deeded to the Town and three members of the church as part of gleebe lands by the King of England. 
[[Image:AddieCard05282vLewisHine.jpg|thumb|Addie Card, child laborer, from a 1910 photograph by [[Lewis Hine]].]]

In 1851, [[Chester Arthur]] (later to become President of the United States), was appointed principal to an academy for boys. The academy prepared boys for college (and became the foundation for Arthur's future path to study law).<ref>''[[New York Times]]''</ref> Future President [[James Garfield]] also taught in North Pownal.

Both cotton [[watermill|mills]] and woolen mills operated during the 19th century. The wool industry reached its peak between 1820 and 1840, though farmers continued to raise sheep until the 20th century.<ref name="newenglandtowns.org"/> On the [[Hoosic River]] in North Pownal, an 18th-century [[gristmill]] was replaced by a woolen mill that operated from 1849 until 1863, when it burned. The Plunkett & Barber Co. Mill, built in 1866, served as a cotton mill until 1930, becoming a [[Tanning (leather)|tannery]] in 1937. It closed in 1988. Remediated as a [[Superfund]] site, the mill site is planned to become a recreation area.

During the early part of the 20th century, [[Muckraker|muckraking]] photographer, Lewis Hine, took a photograph of twelve-year-old Addie Card working in the mills, which Hine labeled as, "Anemic Little Spinner in North Pownal Cotton Mill, North Pownal, Vermont, August 1910". This photograph was featured on a [[U.S. stamp]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=d4351ef21f203a2aa1397904f4fef7f45539adec|title=US Stamp Gallery >> Child labor reform|first=Iqzero.net and Dick|last=Sine}}</ref> commemorating the passage of the first child labor laws (see the [[Keating–Owen Act]]). [[Elizabeth Winthrop]] has written a novel, ''Counting on Grace'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elizabethwinthrop.com/grace_qa.html/ |title=Counting on Grace, a new novel by Elizabeth Winthrop |access-date=June 22, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070312153616/http://www.elizabethwinthrop.com/grace_qa.html/ |archive-date=March 12, 2007 }}</ref> inspired by Card's photograph and life.

The [[Berkshire Street Railway Company]] began [[tram|trolley]] service from Williamstown to [[Bennington, Vermont|Bennington]] via Pownal on June 27, 1907. Service was discontinued in 1927.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cummings|first1=O. R.|title=BERKSHIRE STREET RAILWAY|date=1972|publisher=Connecticut Valley Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society|location=Warehouse Point, Connecticut|isbn=0-910506-15-9}}</ref> The brick power station still stands along Route 7.

[[Lime (material)|Lime]] quarries operated in North Pownal until 1936. A rail car line extended from the southernmost quarry to the mill on the west side of Route 346, where the stone was crushed and packaged for shipment.

The [[Green Mountain Race Track]] opened in 1963. The track offered both [[thoroughbred]] and [[standardbred]] [[horse racing]] until 1977, and greyhound racing from 1976 to 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urbanpostmortem.wordpress.com/tag/the-green-mountain-racetrack/|title=The Green Mountain Racetrack - Obscure Vermont|website=urbanpostmortem.wordpress.com}}</ref> Since closing as a racetrack, the site has hosted live events occasionally, including a [[music festival|rock concert]] in the [[Lollapalooza]] series in 1996, and antique car shows from 2005 to 2008. As of April 2022, the racetrack appears to be unused and fallen into disrepair.<ref>Editor's eyewitness observations, April 21, 2022.</ref>

===Camp Ilium===

The [[YMCA]]'s Camp Ilium was in Pownal. Ilium is notable because on September 10, 1910, S. F. Lester of [[Troy, New York]], became the first person to hold the Scouting leadership position of [[Scoutmaster]] (approved by the BSA). He received his certification from the [[Boy Scouts of America National Headquarters|BSA headquarters]] in New York City. In 1910 he led a group of 30 scouts to the camp. Camp Ilium was the starting point of the Boy Scout Movement for Pownal and [[Troy, New York]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gilbert |first=Kevin |url=http://www.troyrecord.com/articles/2010/08/10/opinion/doc4c6023c2d22ff856756887.txt |title=This Day in 1910 in The Record: Aug. 10, 1910 |publisher=troyrecord.com |access-date=October 4, 2013}}</ref>