Editing Potassium chloride (section)

==Uses==
===Fertilizer===
[[File:Compacted potassium chloride, fertilizer grade.jpg|thumb|Potassium chloride, compacted, fertilizer grade]]The majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for making [[fertilizer]], called [[potash]], since the growth of many [[plant]]s is limited by potassium availability.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-93-5606-271-9|title=The Nature and Properties of Soils|first1=Ray|last1=Weil|first2=Nyle|last2=Brady|year=2022|publisher=Pearson Education}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1051/agro/2009023 |title=Mineral sources of potassium for plant nutrition. A review |date=2010 |last1=Manning |first1=David A.C. |journal=Agronomy for Sustainable Development |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=281–294 |bibcode=2010AgSD...30..281M }}</ref> The term "potash" refers to various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form. Potassium chloride sold as fertilizer is known as "muriate of potash"—it is the common name for potassium chloride ({{chem|K|Cl}}) used in agriculture.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-93-325-7034-4 |title=Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management |last1=Havlin |first1=John L. |last2=Tisdale |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Nelson |first3=Werner L. |last4=Beaton |first4=James D. |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://potassium.ipni.net/ipniweb/region/potassium.nsf/0/58AFA539CC03133085258178006F5140/$FILE/NSS-03%20PotassiumChloride.pdf|title=Nutrient Source Specifics: Potassium Chloride. Ref. No. 17 #13075|publisher=International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI)|access-date=2024-11-24|archive-date=2024-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414005645/http://potassium.ipni.net/ipniweb/region/potassium.nsf/0/58AFA539CC03133085258178006F5140/%24FILE/NSS-03%20PotassiumChloride.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Havlin |first1=John L. |last2=Tisdale |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Nelson |first3=Werner L. |last4=Beaton |first4=James D. |title=Soil Fertility and Fertilizers |edition=8th |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-13-503373-9 |pages=186–188 |chapter=Potassium |url=https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Havlin-Soil-Fertility-and-Fertilizers-8th-Edition/PGM334285.html}}</ref><ref name="Manning-2010">{{cite journal |last1=Manning |first1=David A. C. |title=Mineral sources of potassium for plant nutrition. A review |journal=Agronomy for Sustainable Development |volume=30 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=281–294 |doi=10.1051/agro/2009023 |bibcode=2010AgSD...30..281M |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1051/agro/2009023 |access-date=2024-11-24 |archive-date=2024-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228002627/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1051/agro/2009023 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The vast majority of potash fertilizer worldwide is sold as muriate of potash.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-potash.pdf|series=United States Geological Survey (USGS)|title=Mineral Commodity Summaries: Potash|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior.|access-date=2024-11-24|archive-date=2024-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112131501/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-potash.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b66da618-027b-4124-a5c7-f870cd671484/content|title=FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin.|chapter=Fertilizer Use by Crop|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=2024-11-24|archive-date=2024-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902213631/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b66da618-027b-4124-a5c7-f870cd671484/content|url-status=live}}</ref> The dominance of muriate of potash in the fertilizer market is due to its high potassium content (approximately 60% {{chem|K|2|O}} equivalent) and relative affordability compared to other potassium sources like sulfate of potash ([[potassium sulfate]]).<ref name="Manning-2010"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Ram N. |last2=Finck |first2=Arnold |last3=Blair |first3=Graeme J. |last4=Tandon |first4=H.L.S. |title=Plant Nutrition for Food Security: A Guide for Integrated Nutrient Management |series=FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin 16 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2006 |isbn=92-5-105490-8|pages=141–142 |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a0443e/a0443e00.htm |access-date=2024-11-24 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102211021/https://www.fao.org/3/a0443e/a0443e00.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Potassium is one of the three primary macronutrients essential for plant growth, alongside nitrogen and phosphorus. Potassium plays a vital role in various plant physiological processes, including enzyme activation, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and water regulation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brady |first1=Nyle C. |last2=Weil |first2=Ray R. |title=The Nature and Properties of Soils |edition=15th |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-13-325448-8 |pages=594–595 |chapter=Plant Nutrients and Nutrient Uptake |url=https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Brady-Nature-and-Properties-of-Soils-The-15th-Edition/PGM203380.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Römheld |first1=Volker |last2=Kirkby |first2=Ernest A. |title=Research on potassium in agriculture: needs and prospects |journal=Plant and Soil |volume=335 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=155–180 |doi=10.1007/s11104-010-0520-1 |bibcode=2010PlSoi.335..155R |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-010-0520-1 |access-date=2024-11-24 |archive-date=2024-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709175824/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-010-0520-1 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> For watering plants, a moderate concentration of potassium chloride (KCl) is used to avoid potential toxicity: 6 mM (millimolar) is generally effective and safe for most plants, that is approximately {{convert|0.4|g}} per liter of water.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3389/fpls.2020.00904|doi-access=free |title=Effects of Potassium Levels on Plant Growth, Accumulation and Distribution of Carbon, and Nitrate Metabolism in Apple Dwarf Rootstock Seedlings |date=2020 |last1=Xu |first1=Xinxiang |last2=Du |first2=Xin |last3=Wang |first3=Fen |last4=Sha |first4=Jianchuan |last5=Chen |first5=Qian |last6=Tian |first6=Ge |last7=Zhu |first7=Zhanling |last8=Ge |first8=Shunfeng |last9=Jiang |first9=Yuanmao |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=11 |page=904 |pmid=32655607 |pmc=7325393 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0066259|doi-access=free |title=Optimisation of Potassium Chloride Nutrition for Proper Growth, Physiological Development and Bioactive Component Production in Prunella vulgaris L |date=2013 |last1=Chen |first1=Yuhang |last2=Yu |first2=Manman |last3=Zhu |first3=Zaibiao |last4=Zhang |first4=Lixia |last5=Guo |first5=Qiaosheng |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=e66259 |pmid=23874390 |pmc=3706589 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...866259C }}</ref>

===Medical use===
{{Main|Potassium chloride (medical use)}}
Potassium is vital in the [[human body]], and potassium chloride by mouth is the standard means to treat [[low blood potassium]], although it can also be given intravenously. It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref> It is also an ingredient in [[Oral Rehydration Therapy]] (ORT)/solution (ORS) to reduce hypokalemia caused by diarrhoea.<ref name="who-new-ors-2006">{{cite book |last1=World Health Organization |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69227/WHO_FCH_CAH_06.1.pdf |title=Oral rehydration salts: production of the new ORS |last2=Unicef |publisher= |year=2006 |series=WHO/FCH/CAH/06.1 |hdl=10665/69227 |id= |author-link=World Health Organization |author-link2=UNICEF |access-date=2024-11-14 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603021940/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69227/WHO_FCH_CAH_06.1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This is another medicine on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st"/>

Potassium chloride contains 52% of elemental potassium by mass.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/648/1/012185 |title=Applications of guano and K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> on soil potential-P, potential-K on Andisols |date=2021 |last1=Zakiah |first1=K. |last2=Maulana |first2=M. R. |last3=Widowati |first3=L. R. |last4=Mutakin |first4=J. |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=648 |issue=1 |page=012185 |bibcode=2021E&ES..648a2185Z |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Overdose causes [[hyperkalemia]] which can disrupt cell signaling to the extent that the heart will stop, reversibly in the case of some [[Cardiac surgery|open heart surgeries]].<ref name="pmid29679302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoppe LK, Muhlack DC, Koenig W, Carr PR, Brenner H, Schöttker B |title=Association of Abnormal Serum Potassium Levels with Arrhythmias and Cardiovascular Mortality: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies |journal=Cardiovasc Drugs Ther |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=197–212 |date=20 April 2018 |pmid=29679302 |doi=10.1007/s10557-018-6783-0}}</ref><ref name="pmid37046560">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simon G |title=Detection of Fatal Potassium Overdose: A Case Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Diagnostics |volume=13 |issue=7 |date=4 April 2023 |page=1339 |pmid=37046560 |pmc=10093193 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics13071339|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid38195532">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fan Y, Wu M, Li X, Zhao J, Shi J, Ding L, Jiang H, Li Z, Zhang W, Ma T, Wang D, Ma L |title=Potassium levels and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients with cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies |journal=Nutr J |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=8 |date=10 January 2024 |pmid=38195532 |pmc=10777575 |doi=10.1186/s12937-023-00888-z|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Culinary use===

Potassium chloride can be used as a [[salt substitute]] for [[food]], but because not everyone likes its [[Flavor (taste)|flavor]], it is often mixed with ordinary [[table salt]] (sodium chloride) to improve the [[taste]], to form [[low sodium salt]]. The addition of 1 ppm of [[thaumatin]] considerably reduces this bitterness.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Lorient D, Linden G |title=New ingredients in food processing: biochemistry and agriculture |url=https://archive.org/details/newingredientsfo00lind |url-access=limited |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newingredientsfo00lind/page/n373 357] |isbn=978-1-85573-443-2 |quote=... in dietary food containing potassium chloride, thaumatin added in the ratio of 1 ppm considerably reduces the sensation of bitterness. ... }}</ref>  Complaints of bitterness or a chemical or metallic taste are also reported with potassium chloride used in food.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinopoli DA, Lawless HT | title = Taste properties of potassium chloride alone and in mixtures with sodium chloride using a check-all-that-apply method | journal = Journal of Food Science | volume = 77 | issue = 9 | pages = S319–S322 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22901084 | doi = 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02862.x }}</ref>

The [[World Health Organization]] guideline ''Use of lower-sodium salt substitutes'' strongly recommends reducing sodium intake to less than 2 g/day and conditionally recommends replacing regular table salt with lower-sodium salt substitutes that contain potassium.  This recommendation is intended for adults (not pregnant women or children) in general populations, excluding individuals with kidney impairments or with other circumstances or conditions that might compromise potassium excretion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of the WHO guideline on lower-sodium salt substitutes |url=https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutrition-and-food-safety/events/2025/launch-of-lsss-guideline-presentation-1-overview.pdf |first=Rain |last=Yamamoto |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=31 January 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Use of lower-sodium salt substitutes: WHO guideline |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240105591 |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=31 January 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Use of lower-sodium salt substitutes: WHO guideline |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/380227/9789240105591-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=31 January 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization }}</ref>

===Execution===
In the United States, potassium chloride is used as the final drug in the three-injection sequence of [[lethal injection]] as a form of [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]]. It induces [[cardiac arrest]], ultimately killing the person.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Lethal Injection Protocols |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/lethal-injection/overview-of-lethal-injection-protocols |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Death Penalty Information Center |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806224149/https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/lethal-injection/overview-of-lethal-injection-protocols |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Industrial===
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2022}}
As a chemical [[feedstock]], the salt is used for the [[manufacture]] of [[potassium hydroxide]] and [[potassium]] metal. It is also used in medicine, [[lethal injection]]s, [[Science|scientific]] applications, [[food processing]], [[soap]]s, and as a sodium-free substitute for [[sodium chloride|table salt]] for people concerned about the health effects of sodium.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

It is used as a supplement in animal feed to boost the potassium level in the feed. As an added benefit, it is known to increase milk production.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

It is sometimes used in solution as a [[Completion (oil and gas wells)|completion]] fluid in [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] operations, as well as being an alternative to [[sodium chloride]] in household [[water softener]] units.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Glass manufacturers use granular potash as a [[flux]], lowering the temperature at which a mixture melts. Because potash imparts excellent clarity to glass, it is commonly used in eyeglasses, glassware, televisions, and computer monitors.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Because natural potassium contains a tiny amount of the isotope [[potassium-40]], potassium chloride is used as a [[beta radiation]] source to calibrate [[radiation monitoring equipment]]. It also emits a relatively low level of 511 keV gamma rays from positron annihilation, which can be used to calibrate medical scanners.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Potassium chloride is used in some [[de-icing]] products designed to be safer for pets and plants, though these are inferior in melting quality to [[calcium chloride]]. It is also used in various brands of [[bottled water]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Potassium chloride was once used as a [[fire retardant|fire extinguishing agent]], and in portable and wheeled [[fire extinguisher]]s. Known as Super-K dry chemical, it was more effective than [[sodium bicarbonate]]-based dry chemicals and was compatible with [[fire fighting foam|protein foam]]. This agent fell out of favor with the introduction of [[potassium bicarbonate]] ([[Purple-K]]) dry chemical in the late 1960s, which was much less [[corrosive]], as well as more effective. It is rated for B and C fires.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Along with [[sodium chloride]] and [[lithium chloride]], potassium chloride is used as a [[Flux (metallurgy)|flux]] for the [[gas welding]] of [[aluminium]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Potassium chloride is also an optical crystal with a wide transmission range from 210&nbsp;nm to 20&nbsp;μm. While cheap, KCl crystals are [[hygroscopic]]. This limits its application to protected environments or short-term uses such as prototyping. Exposed to free air, KCl optics will "rot". Whereas KCl components were formerly used for [[infrared]] [[optics]], they have been entirely replaced by much tougher crystals such as [[zinc selenide]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Potassium chloride is used as a [[scotophor]] with designation P10 in [[dark-trace CRT]]s, e.g. in the [[Skiatron]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}