Editing Portuguese language (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Portuguese language}}
{{see also|Will of Afonso II of Portugal}}

When the [[Roman people|Romans]] arrived in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in 216&nbsp;BC, they brought with them the [[Latin language]], from which all [[Romance languages]] are descended. The language was spread by Roman commoners, merchants, and soldiers, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous [[Celts|Celtic]] civilizations established long before the Roman arrivals. For that reason, the language has kept a relevant substratum of much older, [[Atlantic Europe]]an [[Megalithic Culture]]<ref>Benozzo, F. (2018): "Uma paisagem atlântica pré-histórica. Etnogénese e etno-filologia paleo-mesolítica das tradições galega e portuguesa", in proceedings of Jornadas das Letras Galego-Portugesas 2015–2017. Università de Bologna, DTS and Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa. pp. 159–170</ref> and [[Celts|Celtic culture]],<ref name="Gramatica 2007">{{Cite web |last=Bagno |first=Marcos |title=Gramática Histórica do latim ao português brasileiro |date=2007 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29728732 |trans-title=Historical Grammar from Latin to Brazilian Portuguese |publisher=University of Brasília |via=www.academia.edu |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711195113/https://www.academia.edu/29728732 |url-status=live }}</ref> part of the [[Hispano-Celtic languages|Hispano-Celtic group]] of ancient languages.<ref name="Colera 2007 p.750 quote">"In the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north-south and linking Oviedo and Merida, there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own. This corpus contains some linguistic features that are clearly Celtic and others that in our opinion are not Celtic. The former we shall group, for the moment, under the label northwestern Hispano-Celtic. The latter are the same features found in well-documented contemporary inscriptions in the region occupied by the Lusitanians, and therefore belonging to the variety known as LUSITANIAN, or more broadly as GALLO-LUSITANIAN. As we have already said, we do not consider this variety to belong to the Celtic language family." Jordán Colera 2007: p.750</ref> In Latin, the Portuguese language is known as ''lusitana'' or ''(latina) lusitanica'', after the [[Lusitanians]], a pre-Celtic tribe that lived in the territory of present-day Portugal and Spain that adopted the Latin language as Roman settlers moved in. This is also the origin of the ''luso-'' prefix, seen in terms like "[[Lusophone]]".

Between AD 409 and AD 711, as the [[Roman Empire]] collapsed in [[Western Europe]], the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by [[Germanic peoples]] of the [[Migration Period]]. The occupiers, mainly [[Suebi]],<ref name="cornell"/><ref>[http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm Ethnologic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (c. 200 BC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405013713/http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm |date=5 April 2016 }}. Arkeotavira.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.</ref> [[Visigoths]] and [[Buri tribe|Buri]]<ref>Domingos Maria da Silva, Os Búrios, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in Portuguese)</ref> who originally spoke [[Germanic languages]], quickly adopted late Roman culture and the [[Vulgar Latin]] dialects of the peninsula and over the next 300 years totally integrated into the local populations. Some Germanic words from that period are part of the Portuguese lexicon, together with place names, surnames, and first names. With the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyad conquest]] beginning in 711, [[Arabic]] became the administrative and common language in the conquered regions, but most of the [[Mozarabs|remaining Christian population]] continued to speak a form of [[Ibero-Romance]] called [[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]] which introduced a few hundred words from Arabic, [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and [[Berber languages|Berber]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corriente |first=F. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234431540 |title=Dictionary of Arabic and allied loanwords : Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and kindred dialects |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16858-9 |location=Leiden |oclc=234431540}}</ref> Like other Neo-Latin and European languages, Portuguese has adopted a significant number of [[loanword]]s from [[Greek language|Greek]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eduportal.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/www.eduportal.gr_media_files_lexeis_2.pdf |title=Palavras que cheiram mar 2: Etimologia de mais de 1000 Palavras Gregas Usadas em Português (Λέξεις που μυρίζουν θάλασσα) |first=Dimitrios |last=Koutantos |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002940/https://www.eduportal.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/www.eduportal.gr_media_files_lexeis_2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> mainly in technical and scientific terminology. These borrowings occurred via Latin, and later during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

Portuguese evolved from the medieval language spoken in the northwestern medieval [[Kingdom of Galicia]], which the [[County of Portugal]] once formed part of. This variety has been retrospectively named [[Galician–Portuguese]], Old Portuguese, or Old Galician by linguists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/30975383 |title=Vocabulário Ortográfico da Galiza elaborado pela Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa (AGLP) |publisher=Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa (AGLP) |location=Santiago de Compostela, Portugal |date=2015 |language=Portuguese |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105203427/https://www.academia.edu/30975383 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Idioma galaicoportugués.png|thumb|Spoken area of Galician–Portuguese (also known as Old Portuguese or Medieval Galician) in the kingdoms of Galicia and León around the 10th century, before the separation of [[Galician language|Galician]] and Portuguese]]It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician–Portuguese words and phrases are first recorded. This phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the [[County of Portugal]] from the [[Kingdom of León]], which had by then assumed reign over [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].

In the first part of the Galician–Portuguese period (from the 12th to the 14th century), the language was increasingly used for documents and other written forms. For some time, it was the language of preference for [[lyric poetry]] in Christian [[Hispania]], much as [[Occitan language|Occitan]] was the language of the poetry of the [[troubadours]] in France. The Occitan digraphs ''lh'' and ''nh'', used in its classical orthography, were adopted by the [[Portuguese alphabet#Basic digraphs|orthography of Portuguese]], presumably by [[Gerald of Braga]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lay |first=Stephen |date=2015 |title=Sanctity and Social Alienation in Twelfth-Century Braga as Portrayed in the Vita Sancti Geraldi |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.5699/portstudies.31.2.0153 |journal=Portuguese Studies|s2cid=164609309 |issn = 0267-5315}}</ref> a monk from [[Moissac]], who became bishop of [[Braga]] in Portugal in 1047, playing a major role in modernizing written Portuguese using classical Occitan norms.<ref>Jean-Pierre Juge (2001) ''Petit précis – Chronologie occitane – Histoire & civilisation'', p. 25</ref> Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King [[Afonso I of Portugal]]. In 1290, King [[Denis of Portugal]] created the first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the ''Estudos Gerais'', which later moved to [[University of Coimbra|Coimbra]]) and decreed for Portuguese, then simply called the "common language", to be known as the Portuguese language and used officially.

In the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the [[Age of Discovery|Portuguese discoveries]], the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia, and the [[Americas]]. By the mid-16th century, Portuguese had become a ''[[lingua franca]]'' in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. The Portuguese expanded across South America, across Africa to the Pacific Ocean, taking their language with them.

Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people and by its association with [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[missionary]] efforts, which led to the formation of [[creole language]]s such as that called [[Kristang language|Kristang]] in many parts of Asia (from the word ''cristão'', "Christian"). The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Indonesia]] preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal.

The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the ''Cancioneiro Geral'' by [[Garcia de Resende]], in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans the period from the 16th century to the present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from [[Classical Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]] because of the [[Renaissance]] (learned words borrowed from Latin also came from [[Renaissance Latin]], the form of Latin during that time), which greatly enriched the lexicon. Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing, and eventually speech, in Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Assis |first=Maria Cristina |title=História da língua portuguesa |url=http://biblioteca.virtual.ufpb.br/files/histaria_da_langua_portuguesa_1360184313.pdf |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308025308/http://biblioteca.virtual.ufpb.br/files/histaria_da_langua_portuguesa_1360184313.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Spanish author [[Miguel de Cervantes]] once called Portuguese "the sweet and gracious language", while the Brazilian poet [[Olavo Bilac]] described it as {{lang|pt|a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela}} ("the last flower of [[Latium]], naïve and beautiful").<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Pedro Paulo Funari|date=2002|edition=2.ª|first=Pedro Paulo Abreu|isbn=9788572441605|language=pt|last=Funari|location=São Paulo|page=80|publisher=Contexto|quote=Dos romanos herdamos, também, nossa própria língua, pois o português nada mais é do que um latim modificado. A maioria das palavras do português deriva do latim, sendo, em alguns casos, exatamente as mesmas. Vamos a um exemplo, como é o caso de família, "família". Noutros casos, são palavras quase iguais, como filius, "filho" ou adolescentes, "adolescentes". O português deriva do latim, porque os romanos dominaram a Península Ibérica e, por muitos séculos, o latim foi ali falado. Por isso, o português é conhecido como "a última flor do Lácio", ou seja, a última língua derivada do latim, a língua do Lácio, região onde estava Roma.|title=Grécia e Roma}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=13 October 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409183949/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/opiniao/fz1608200410.htm|date=16 August 2004|first=Arnaldo|language=pt|last=Niskier|quote=Por que gastar o seu latim nestes tempos descartáveis que vivemos? Uma resposta óbvia — pelo menos para aqueles que lidam diretamente com a língua portuguesa e lutam pela sua preservação — é que ela é conhecida como "a última flor do Lácio", ou seja, foi a última ramificação do latim.|title=Identidade cultural: língua e soberania|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/opiniao/fz1608200410.htm|url-status=live|website=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite journal|access-date=13 October 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013232237/https://www.revistaphilologus.org.br/index.php/rph/article/view/327|date=2020|first1=Haline Janaína Franco|first2=Luiz Roberto Peel Furtado de|journal=Revista Philologus|language=pt|last1=Almeida|last2=Oliveira|number=78|pages=1132–1142|publisher=Círculo Fluminense de Estudos Filológicos e Linguísticos|quote=Conhecida como "A última flor do Lácio", a língua portuguesa vem sofrendo transformações no decorrer dos séculos, a partir do latim vulgar, sendo caracterizada como dinâmica e heterogênea.|title=Cartografando os neologismos na quarentena: ampliando o vocabulário da língua portuguesa|url=https://www.revistaphilologus.org.br/index.php/rph/article/view/327|url-status=live|volume=26}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=13 October 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013234012/https://www.gazetanews.com/comentando-sobre-origens-e-descendencias/index.html|date=17 November 2016|language=pt|quote=Com a Língua Portuguesa não foi diferente. Você sabia que o português é conhecido como a última flor do Lácio?|title=Comentando sobre origens e descendências|url=https://www.gazetanews.com/comentando-sobre-origens-e-descendencias/index.html|url-status=live|website=Gazeta Brazilian News}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 August 2006|archive-date=7 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007095253/http://www.ruadapoesia.com/content/view/125/47/|language=pt|quote=Última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela,/ És, a um tempo, esplendor e sepultura:/ Ouro nativo, que na ganga impura/ A bruta mina entre os cascalhos vela…|title=Língua Portuguesa|url=http://www.ruadapoesia.com/content/view/125/47/|website=Rua da Poesia}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Portuguese is also termed "the language of Camões", after [[Luís Vaz de Camões]], one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese [[epic poem]] ''[[The Lusiads]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watts |first=Henry Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmigueldece00watt |title=Miguel de Cervantes: His Life & Works |publisher=Walter Scott |year=1891 |location=London |author-link=Henry Edward Watts}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofli01ship|url-access=registration|first=Joseph T.|last=Shipley|publisher=Philosophical Library|year=1946|page=1188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: continental Europe and its empires|first1=Prem |last1=Poddar |first2=Rajeev S. |last2=Patke |first3=Lars |last3=Jensen |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2008|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ghah5S3usnsC&q=%22language+of+Cam%C3%B5es%22&pg=PA431|chapter=Introduction: The Myths and Realities of Portuguese (Post) Colonial Society|page=431|isbn=978-0-7486-2394-5}}</ref>

In March 2006, the [[Museum of the Portuguese Language]], an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in [[São Paulo]], Brazil, the city with the greatest number of Portuguese language speakers in the world.<ref name="NOVA">{{cite web |url=http://www.noticiaslusofonas.com/view.php?load=arcview&article=13562&catogory=CPLP |title=Museu da Língua Portuguesa aberto ao público no dia 20 |date=8 March 2006 |website=Noticiaslusofonas.com |language=pt |trans-title=Portuguese Language Museum open to the public on 20 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501003337/http://www.noticiaslusofonas.com/view.php?load=arcview&article=13562&catogory=CPLP |url-status=live }}</ref> The museum is the first of its kind in the world.<ref name="NOVA" /> In 2015 the museum was partially destroyed in a fire,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/brazil-fire-engulfs-portuguese-language-museum-sao-paulo-one-killed-1534447|title=Brazil: Fire engulfs Portuguese language museum in Sao Paulo, one killed|newspaper=International Business Times|date=22 December 2015|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316103036/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/brazil-fire-engulfs-portuguese-language-museum-sao-paulo-one-killed-1534447|url-status=live}}</ref> but restored and reopened in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2021-07/museu-da-lingua-portuguesa-sera-reaberto-ao-publico-no-domingo|title=Museu da Língua Portuguesa será reaberto ao público no domingo|date=29 July 2021|website=Agência Brasil|access-date=10 April 2022|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410191140/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2021-07/museu-da-lingua-portuguesa-sera-reaberto-ao-publico-no-domingo|url-status=live}}</ref>