Editing Porto (section)

==History==
{{Main|2 = Timeline of Porto}}

===Early history===
Before the Roman conquest, the [[Gallaeci]], a [[Celts|Celtic]] people, inhabited the area. Ruins of that period have been discovered in several areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Off the Grid - Citânia de Briteiros, Portugal - Archaeology Magazine - March/April 2022 |url=https://archaeology.org/issues/march-april-2022/off-the-grid/otg-citania-de-briteiros-portugal/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Archaeology Magazine |language=en-US }}</ref> Archaeological findings reveal that there were also human settlements at the mouth of the [[Douro|Douro River]] as early as the 8th century BC, which hints at a [[Phoenicia]]n trading settlement there.<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/755 |title=Historic Centre of Porto |work=World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818094310/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/755 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Under the [[Roman Empire]], Porto developed as an important commercial port, primarily in the trade between ''Olissipona'' (the modern [[Lisbon]]) and ''Bracara Augusta'' (the modern [[Braga]]).<ref name="Timeline"/> Porto was also important during the [[Suebian]] and [[Visigothic]] times as a center for the expansion of Christianity during that period.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0807-89672013000200016&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt |title=Vestígios da presença sueva no noroeste da península ibérica: na etnologia, na arqueologia e na língua |first1=Larisa |last1=Semënova-Head |first2=Brian F. |last2=Head |journal=Revista Diacrítica |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=257–277 |access-date=29 December 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413111802/http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0807-89672013000200016&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Porto-Cathedral-2021.jpg|thumb|left|[[Porto Cathedral]], Sé do Porto, built in the 12th century, with Baroque and 20th-century modifications]]
Porto fell under Muslim rule between 714 to 716, following the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyad conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom]].<ref name="Collins">{{cite book |author=Collins, Roger |year=1989 |title=The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford, UK / Cambridge, USA |isbn=0-631-19405-3 |pages=39–40 }}</ref> Porto was reconquered by the Christians under [[Alfonso I of Asturias|Alfonso I]] of [[Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias]] in 741,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menéndez Pidal |first1=Ramón |title=PRIMERA CRÓNICA GENERAL. ESTORIA DE ESPAÑA DE ALFONSO X |url=https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/abrir_pdf.php?id=PUB-LH-2022-258 |date=1906 |publisher=Biblioteca Digital de Castilla y León |page=357 |edition=2022 |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002234657/https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/abrir_pdf.php?id=PUB-LH-2022-258 |url-status=live }}</ref> and thus Porto became a Christian border settlement. [[Vímara Peres]], a Galician [[count]] from [[Gallaecia]], and a vassal of the King of [[List of Asturian monarchs|Asturias]], [[List of Leonese monarchs|Léon]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]], [[Alfonso III of León|Alfonso III]], was given the fief of Portucale, and the surrounding areas. This included the area from the [[Minho River|Minho]] to the [[Douro River]]: the settlement of ''[[Portus Cale]]'' and the area that is known as [[Vila Nova de Gaia]]. Portus Cale, later referred to as [[County of Portugal|Portucale]], was the origin for the modern name of [[Portugal]].<ref name="Angelo">{{Citation |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Ângelo |last2=Hermano |first2=José |title=História de Portugal I&nbsp;— A Formação do Território |trans-title=History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-106-6 |language=pt }}</ref> In 868, [[Count]] Vímara Peres established the [[County of Portugal]], {{langx|pt|Condado de Portucale}}, usually known as ''Condado Portucalense'', after repopulating the region north of the Douro River.<ref name="Timeline"/>

In 1093, [[Theresa, Countess of Portugal|Teresa of León]], illegitimate daughter of the king [[Alfonso VI of Castile]], married [[Henry, Count of Portugal|Henry of Burgundy]], bringing the [[County of Portugal]] as a dowry. This ''Condado Portucalense'' became the focus of what has been called the Portuguese [[Reconquista]] that would expand the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] south, beginning in  the reign of King [[Afonso I of Portugal]] in the 12th century.

In 1387, Porto was the site of the marriage of [[John I of Portugal]] and [[Philippa of Lancaster]], daughter of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt]]; this symbolized a long-standing [[Collective security|military alliance]] between Portugal and [[Kingdom of England|England]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645224/Treaty-of-Windsor |title=Treaty of Windsor – British-Portugal |encyclopedia=britannica.com |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226105509/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645224/Treaty-of-Windsor |url-status=live }}</ref> The Portuguese-English alliance (see the [[Treaty of Windsor (1386)|Treaty of Windsor]]) is the world's oldest recorded military alliance.<ref name="Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo">{{cite web |title=Tratado de paz, amizade e confederação entre D. João I e Eduardo II, rei de Inglaterra, denominado Tratado de Windsor |url=http://digitarq.dgarq.gov.pt/details?id=4186035 |publisher=Portuguese National Archives Digital Collection |access-date=4 January 2013 |language=pt |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113632/http://digitarq.dgarq.gov.pt/details?id=4186035 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Winslett |first=Matthew |title=The Nadir of Alliance: The British Ultimatum of 1890 and Its Place in Anglo-Portuguese Relations, 1147—1945 |url=https://mavmatrix.uta.edu/history_theses/66/ |year=2008 |page=3 |access-date=9 October 2024 |isbn=9780549707752 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009043832/https://mavmatrix.uta.edu/history_theses/66/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[File:Porto562.png|thumb|A street in Porto]]
In the 14th and 15th centuries, Porto's shipyards contributed to the development of Portuguese shipbuilding. Also from the port of Porto, in 1415, Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] (son of [[John I of Portugal]]) embarked on the [[Conquest of Ceuta|conquest of the Moorish port of Ceuta]], in northern [[Morocco]].<ref name=mariners>{{cite web |url=http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=explorer&id=33 |title=The Mariners' Museum – EXPLORATION through the AGES |work=marinersmuseum.org |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407085820/http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=explorer&id=33 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers |url-access=registration |last1=Merson |first1=John |year=1990 |publisher=The Overlook Press |location=Woodstock, New York |isbn=0-87951-397-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers/page/72 72] |postscript=A companion to the PBS Series ''The Genius That Was China'' }}</ref> This expedition by the king and his fleet, which included Prince Henry, was followed by navigation and exploration along the western coast of Africa, initiating the Portuguese [[Age of Discovery]]. The nickname that the people of Porto are known by began in those days; Portuenses are to this day, colloquially, referred to as ''tripeiros'' (''tripe peoples''), referring to this period of history, when higher-quality cuts of meat were shipped from Porto with their sailors, while off-cuts and by-products, such as [[tripe]], were left behind for the citizens of Porto; [[Tripas à moda do Porto|tripe remains a culturally important dish]] in modern-day Porto.

===18th century===
By the 13th century, the wine produced in the [[Douro DOC|Douro valley]] was already being transported to Porto in ''barcos rabelos'' (flat sailing vessels). In 1703, the [[Methuen Treaty]] established trade relations and a military alliance between Portugal and England.<ref>Francis, A.D. ''John Methuen and the Anglo-Portuguese Treaties of 1703''. The Historical Journal Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;103 – 124.</ref> In 1717, the first English trading post was established in Porto. The production of [[port wine]] then gradually passed into the hands of a few English firms. To counter this dominance, Prime Minister [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal|Marquis of Pombal]] established a monopolistic Portuguese firm to receive all the wines from the Douro valley. He demarcated the region for the production of port, to ensure the wine's quality; this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe, which was almost a century ahead of a similar exercise in Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=The History of Port: The Marquis of Pombal |url=https://www.taylor.pt/en/what-is-port-wine/history-of-port/the-marquis-of-pombal |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=Taylor's Port |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805144954/https://www.taylor.pt/en/what-is-port-wine/history-of-port/the-marquis-of-pombal |url-status=live }}</ref> The small winegrowers revolted against his strict policies on [[Shrove Tuesday]], burning down the buildings of this firm. The revolt became known as the ''Revolta dos Borrachos'' (revolt of the drunkards).{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Between 1732 and 1763, Italian architect [[Nicolau Nasoni]] designed a [[Baroque architecture|baroque]] church with a tower that became its architectural and visual icon: the [[Clérigos Church|Torre dos Clérigos]] (English: Clerics' Tower). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became an important industrial center and its size and population increased.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

===19th century===
[[File:Pergola Foz (Porto).jpg|thumb|''Foz'' neighbourhood, along the coast]]
Porto constructed its first permanent bridge, the Ponte das Barcas (a floating [[pontoon bridge]]), in 1806. During the [[Peninsular War]], French troops led by [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Marshal Soult]] invaded Portugal and approached the city of Porto. On March 29, 1809, during what became known as the [[First Battle of Porto]], thousands of civilians and refugees fleeing the advancing French forces rushed to cross the Douro River via the Ponte das Barcas. The bridge collapsed under the excessive weight, resulting in approximately 4,000 deaths. This catastrophe, known as the [[Porto Boat Bridge disaster]], remains the deadliest bridge disaster in world history.(This event is still remembered by a plate at the [[Dom Luís Bridge, Porto|Ponte D. Luis I]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}) In the [[Second Battle of Porto]], the [[French Army]] was [[Second Battle of Porto|rooted out of]] Porto by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], when his [[Anglo-Portuguese Army]] crossed the Douro River from the Mosteiro da Serra do Pilar (a former convent) in a brilliant daylight ''[[coup de main]]'', using wine barges to transport the troops, outflanking the French Army.<ref name="TPENWAR1">{{cite book |title=The Peninsular War 1807 – 1814, A Concise Military History |last=Glover |first=Michael |publisher=Penguin Books |date=1974 |isbn=9780141390413 |pages=96–97 description of the retreat of Soult along the Valongo and Amaranthe road }}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oporto |volume= 20 |pages = 137–139; see page 139| quote = The town is renowned in British military annals from the duke of Wellington's passage of the Douro, by which he surprised and put to flight the French army under Marshal Soult, capturing the city on the 12th of May 1809 }}</ref>

Influenced by liberal revolutions occurring in Europe, the [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]] started in Porto.<ref>CasaHistória website, [http://www.casahistoria.net/Brazil.htm#Independence "Independence and Empire"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075126/http://www.casahistoria.net/Brazil.htm#Independence |date=6 July 2018 }}, retrieved 12 June 2007</ref> The revolutionaries demanded the return of [[John VI of Portugal]], who had [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|transferred the Portuguese Court]] to the Portuguese [[Colonial Brazil|colony of Brazil]] since the French invasions of Portugal, it also demanded a constitutional monarchy to be set up in Portugal. In 1822, a liberal constitution was accepted, partly through the efforts of the liberal assembly of Porto (Junta do Porto). When [[Miguel I of Portugal]] took the Portuguese throne in 1828, he rejected this constitution and reigned as an anti-liberal, absolutist monarch.<ref>{{cite book |first=António Silva Lopes |last=Rocha |publisher=R. Greenlaw |location=London, England |year=1829 |title=Unjust Proclamation of His Serene Highness The Infante Don Miguel as King of Portugal or Analysis and Juridical Refutation of the Act Passed by the Denominated Three States of the Kingdom of Portugal on the 11th of July, 1828; Dedicated to the Highest and Powerful, Dona Maria II. Queen Regnant of Portugal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPQNAAAAYAAJ&q=dom+miguel |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002234753/https://books.google.com/books?id=cPQNAAAAYAAJ&q=dom+miguel#v=snippet&q=dom%20miguel&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A civil war (known as the [[Liberal Wars]]) was then fought from 1828 to 1834 between those supporting Constitutionalism, and those opposed to this change, keen on near-absolutism and led by D. Miguel. Porto rebelled again and had to undergo a [[Siege of Porto|siege of eighteen months]] between 1832 and 1833 by the [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist]] army.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |year=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |page=1158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=Siege+of+Porto&pg=PA1158 |access-date=10 February 2016 |isbn=9781851096725 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002234658/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=Siege+of+Porto&pg=PA1158 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oporto |volume= 20 |pages = 137–139; see page 139| quote = Oporto sustained a severe siege in 1832–1833, being bravely defended against the Miguehtes by Dom Pedro with 7000 soldiers; 16,000 of its inhabitants perished }}</ref> Porto is also called "Cidade Invicta" (English: Unvanquished City) after successfully resisting the [[Miguelista|Miguelist]] siege. After [[Concession of Evoramonte|the abdication of King Miguel]], the liberal constitution was re-established.

The collapsed ''Ponte das Barcas'' was eventually replaced by the [[:pt:Ponte D. Maria II|Ponte D. Maria II]]. Known popularly as ''Ponte Pênsil'' ([[Suspension bridge|suspended bridge]]), it was built between 1841 and 1843, with only its supporting pylons remaining today. The ''[[Maria Pia Bridge|Ponte D. Maria]]'', a railway bridge, was inaugurated on 4 November 1877;<ref>Loyrette 1985, p.60</ref> it was considered a feat of [[wrought iron]] engineering and was designed by [[Gustave Eiffel]], notable for [[Eiffel Tower|his Parisian tower]]. The later [[Dom Luís Bridge, Porto|Ponte Dom Luís I]] replaced the aforementioned Ponte Pênsil.<ref>{{citation |url=http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~azr/pontes/techdata.htm |title=The Bridges of Porto – Technical Data |author=Manuel de Azeredo |publisher=Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto |date=December 1999 |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113110716/http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~azr/pontes/techdata.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This last bridge was made by Theophile Seyrig, a former partner of Eiffel. Seyrig won a governmental competition that took place in 1879. Building began in 1881 and the bridge was opened to the public on 31 October 1886.<ref name=SIPA>{{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=Patrícia |title=Ponte de D. Luís (IPA no. 00005548) |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=5548 |website=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (Information System for Architectural Heritage) |language=pt |year=2005 |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052029/http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=5548 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A higher-learning institution in nautical sciences (Aula de Náutica) was established in 1762.<ref>Open Repository of the University of Porto (2024). Online: https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/64528 {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221022423/https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/64528 |date=21 February 2024 }}, Retrieved 9 February 2024.</ref> A [[stock exchange]] (Bolsa do Porto, 1834 – 1910<ref>{{cite web |title=Palácio da Bolsa – History |url=https://palaciodabolsa.com/en/history/ |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730080647/https://palaciodabolsa.com/en/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) was also established in the city but was discontinued in 1910 following the implementation of the Republic, with the building being returned to the Association in 1911.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Exchange Palace |url=https://euroveloportugal.com/en/poi/stock-exchange-palace |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=EuroVelo Portugal |language=en-GB }}</ref>

Unrest by Republicans led to the [[31 January 1891 revolt]] in Porto, the first uprising against the Portuguese monarchy. This resulted ultimately in the overthrow of the monarchy and proclamation of the republic by the [[5 October 1910 revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cm-palmela.pt/NR/rdonlyres/2699A4EF-465D-4C5E-B8D7-C4544B81B2B0/39794/Escolas1Republica.pdf |title=1ª Republica – Dossier temático dirigido às Escolas |publisher=Rede Municipal de Bibliotecas Públicas do concelho de Palmela |date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423065653/http://www.cm-palmela.pt/NR/rdonlyres/2699A4EF-465D-4C5E-B8D7-C4544B81B2B0/39794/Escolas1Republica.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in-devir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=176&Itemid=37 |title=5 de Outubro de 1910: a trajectória do republicanismo |publisher=In-Devir |date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622212517/http://in-devir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=176&Itemid=37 |archive-date=22 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>A este propósito ver {{Cite book |first=Antero de |last=Quental |title=Prosas sócio-políticas; publicadas e apresentadas por Joel Serrão |language=pt |location=Lisboa |publisher=Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda |year=1982 |page=248}} citado na secção "O Partido Republicano Português" deste artigo.</ref>

===20th century to present===
On 19 January 1919, forces favorable to the restoration of the monarchy launched a [[counter-revolution]] in Porto known as [[Monarchy of the North]].<ref>''Diário da Junta Governativa do Reino de Portugal''. Colecção Completa, nº 1 (19 Jan 1919) – nº 16 (13 Fev 1919), Porto, J. Pereira da Silva, 1919.
*Felix Correia, ''A Jornada de Monsanto – Um Holocausto Tragico'', Lisboa, Tip. Soares & Guedes, Abril de 1919.</ref><ref>Luís de Magalhães, "Porque restaurámos a Carta em 1919", ''Correio da Manhã'', 27 e 28 de Fevereiro de 1924.</ref> During this time, Porto was the capital of the restored kingdom, as the movement was contained to the north. The monarchy was deposed less than a month later, which marked the final end to monarchy in Portugal.

The historic center of Porto was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Porto ( Oporto ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Portugal |url=https://www.manorhouses.com/unesco/whporto.html |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=www.manorhouses.com |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231192516/https://www.manorhouses.com/unesco/whporto.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The World Heritage Site is defined in two concentric zones; the "Protected area", and within it the "Classified area". The Classified area comprises the medieval borough located inside the 14th-century Romanesque wall.<ref name="Porto UNESCO Classification">{{cite web |url=http://english.cm-porto.pt/index.php?m=2&s=1 |title=Porto UNESCO Classification |access-date=2 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311175934/http://english.cm-porto.pt/index.php?m=2&s=1 |archive-date=11 March 2008 }}</ref> In 2001, Porto, alongside [[Rotterdam]], was the [[European Capital of Culture]] for the entire year. For this event, several urban projects, from urban requalification to new infrastructures and public transportation, were put into practice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/cultura/1403153/porto-2001-foi-cultura-mas-tambem-muitas-obras-milhoes-e-derrapagens |title=Porto 2001 foi cultura mas também muitas obras, milhões e derrapagens |access-date=14 April 2024 |date=29 January 2020 |website=Notícias ao Minuto |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130181209/https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/cultura/1403153/porto-2001-foi-cultura-mas-tambem-muitas-obras-milhoes-e-derrapagens |url-status=live }}</ref>