Editing Portland, Maine (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Portland, Maine}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Fort Casco, Brunswick, Maine by Cyprian Southack, 1720 map inset.png|thumb|left|Fort Casco, Portland, Maine, built by [[Wolfgang William Romer]]; map by [[Cyprian Southack]]]]

The original Algonquin-speaking Eastern [[Abenaki]] residents called the Portland peninsula Machigonne ("great neck").<ref name="maineguide">{{citation |title=History of Portland, Maine |publisher=Maine Resource Guide |url=http://maineguide.com/region/southcoast/information/portlandhistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131232824/http://maineguide.com/region/southcoast/information/portlandhistory.html |archive-date=January 31, 2013 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Almouchiquois |url=https://www.falmouthmehistory.org/almouchiquois |website=Falmouth Historical Society |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref> It is also called  Məkíhkanək ("at the fish hook") in Penobscot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Penobscot Dictionary entry |url=https://penobscot-dictionary.appspot.com/entry/5163596648546304/ |website=Penobscot Dictionary |publisher=The Penobscot Indian Nation, the University of Maine, and the American Philosophical Society |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Penobscot Dictionary Project |url=https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/penobscotdictionaryproject/ |website=University Of Maine Library System |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>

The first European settler was  [[Christopher Levett]], an English naval captain granted {{cvt|6000|acre|ha}} in 1623 to found a settlement in [[Casco Bay]]. A member of the [[Plymouth Council for New England|Council for New England]] and agent for [[Ferdinando Gorges]], Levett built a stone house where he left a company of ten men, then returned to England to write a book about his voyage to bolster support for the settlement.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/christopherleve00levegoog |quote=christopher levett. |title=Christopher Levett, of York: The Pioneer Colonist in Casco Bay |first=James Phinney |last=Baxter |date=September 10, 1893 |publisher=Gorges Society |access-date=September 10, 2017 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Ultimately, the settlement was a failure and the fate of Levett's colonists is unknown. The explorer sailed from England to the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] to meet [[John Winthrop]] in 1630, but never returned to Maine. [[Fort Levett]] in the harbor is named for him.

The [[List of peninsulas|peninsula]] was settled in 1632 as a fishing and trading village named Casco.<ref name=maineguide /> When the Massachusetts Bay Colony took over Casco Bay in 1658, the town's name changed again to Falmouth. In 1676, the village was destroyed by the Abenaki during [[King Philip's War]]. It was rebuilt. During [[King William's War]], a raiding party of French and their native allies attacked and largely destroyed it again in the [[Battle of Fort Loyal]] (1690).

[[File:Longfellow Square, Portland, ME.jpg|thumb|left|[[Longfellow Square]] ({{circa|1906}})]]
On October 18, 1775, [[Burning of Falmouth|Falmouth was burned]] in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolution]] by the [[Royal Navy]] under command of Captain [[Henry Mowat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=7479 |title=Jedediah Preble letter on Mowat kidnapping, 1775 |access-date=April 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928033714/http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=7479 |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the war, a section of Falmouth called The Neck developed as a commercial port and began to grow rapidly as a shipping center. In 1786, the citizens of Falmouth formed a separate town in Falmouth Neck and named it Portland, after the [[Isle of Portland]] off the coast of [[Dorset]], England.<ref name="Coolidge, A.J. 1859. p. 301"/> Portland's economy was greatly stressed by the [[Embargo Act of 1807]] (prohibition of trade with the British), which ended in 1809, and the [[War of 1812]], which ended in 1815.

In 1820, Maine was established as a state with Portland as its capital. In 1832, the capital was moved north and east to [[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]]. In 1851, Maine led the nation by passing the first state law prohibiting the sale of alcohol except for "medicinal, mechanical or manufacturing purposes." The law subsequently became known as the [[Maine law|Maine Law]], as eighteen other states quickly followed. The [[Portland Rum Riot]] occurred on June 2, 1855.

[[File:Gun recovered from the USS Maine.jpg|thumb|left|Gun recovered from [[USS Maine (ACR-1)|USS ''Maine'']] on [[Munjoy Hill]]]]
In 1853, upon completion of the [[Grand Trunk Railway]] to [[Montreal]], Portland became the primary ice-free winter seaport for Canadian exports. The [[Portland Company]], located on [[Fore Street (Portland, Maine)|Fore Street]], manufactured more than six hundred 19th-century steam [[locomotive]]s, as well as engines for trains and boats, fire engines and other railroad transportation equipment. The Portland Company was, for a time, the city's largest employer and many of its employees were immigrants from Canada, Ireland and Italy. Portland became a 20th-century [[junction (rail)|rail hub]] as five additional rail lines merged into [[Portland Terminal Company]] in 1911. These rail lines also facilitated movement of returning Canadian troops from the [[World War I|First World War]] in 1919. Following nationalization of the Grand Trunk system in 1923, Canadian export traffic was diverted from Portland to [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], resulting in marked local economic decline. [[Icebreaker]]s later enabled ships to reach Montreal in winter, drastically reducing Portland's role as a winter port for Canada.<ref>{{cite book |title=Marine Engineering |date=January 1906 |publisher=Marine Publishing Company |pages=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcU7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenny |first1=Bill |title=A History of Maine Railroads |date=22 June 2020 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-4396-6970-9 |pages=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGXVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 |language=en}}</ref>

On June 26, 1863, a [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] raiding party led by Captain Charles Read entered the harbor at Portland leading to the [[Battle of Portland Harbor]], one of the northernmost battles of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The [[1866 Great Fire of Portland, Maine]], on July 4, 1866, ignited during the [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] celebration, destroyed most of the commercial buildings in the city, half the churches and hundreds of homes. More than 10,000 people were left homeless.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greater Portland Landmarks - Great Fire of 1866 |url=https://www.portlandlandmarks.org/great-fire-of-1866 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Greater Portland Landmarks |language=en-US}}</ref>

By act of the [[Maine Legislature]] in 1899, Portland annexed the city of [[Deering, Maine|Deering]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maine Secretary of State |title=Private and Special Laws of the State of Maine |date=1899 |publisher=Kennebec Journal Print |pages=9–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3xKAAAAYAAJ&q=portland+deering+annex&pg=RA1-PA9 |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=February 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219141636/https://books.google.com/books?id=n3xKAAAAYAAJ&q=portland+deering+annex&pg=RA1-PA9 |url-status=live}}</ref> despite a vote by Deering residents rejecting the motion, thereby greatly increasing the size of the city and opening areas for development beyond the peninsula.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conforti |first1=Joseph |title=Creating Portland |date=2007 |publisher=UPNE |isbn=978-1-58465-449-0 |page=xvii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WjGkuhZyaoC&q=portland+deering+expansion&pg=PR17 |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=February 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219141624/https://books.google.com/books?id=4WjGkuhZyaoC&q=portland+deering+expansion&pg=PR17 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1967, the city began the controversial razing of [[Franklin Street (Portland, Maine)|Franklin Street]] to construct a [[Limited-access road|limited-access highway]] to improve access in and out of the city for non-residents. The reconstruction of the street demolished 130 homes and businesses and caused an unknown number of families to be relocated or displaced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCue |first=Julia |date=2017-03-01 |title=A neighborhood destroyed: From Franklin Street to Franklin Arterial |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2017/03/01/neighborhood-destroyed-franklin-street-franklin-arterial/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Press Herald}}</ref> The construction of [[The Maine Mall]], an indoor shopping center established in [[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]] in 1971, economically depressed downtown Portland. The trend reversed when tourists and new businesses started revitalizing the old seaport, a part of which is known locally as the [[Old Port of Portland, Maine|Old Port]].

Since the 1990s, the historically industrial [[Neighborhoods in Portland, Maine#Bayside|Bayside]] neighborhood has seen rapid development, including attracting a [[Whole Foods Market]] and [[Trader Joe's]] grocery stores, as well as [[Baxter Academy for Technology and Science]], a [[charter school]]. Other developing neighborhoods include the [[India Street]] neighborhood, near the Ocean Gateway, and [[Munjoy Hill]], where many modern condominiums have been built.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bayside is a journey of many 'next steps' |url=http://business.mainetoday.com/news/061016bayside.html |publisher=Portland Press Herald (Blethen Maine Newspapers, Inc.) |date=October 16, 2006 |access-date=November 13, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022053706/http://business.mainetoday.com/news/061016bayside.html |archive-date=October 22, 2006 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kelley |last=Bouchard |title=Riverwalk: Parking garage due to rise; luxury condos to follow |url=http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/news/local/061006riverwalk.html |publisher=Portland Press Herald (Blethen Maine Newspapers, Inc.) |date=October 6, 2006 |access-date=November 13, 2006}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tux |last=Turkel |title=An urban vision rises in Bayside |url=http://business.mainetoday.com/news/070206bayside.html |publisher=Portland Press Herald (Blethen Maine Newspapers, Inc.) |date=February 6, 2007 |access-date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226015400/http://business.mainetoday.com/news/070206bayside.html |archive-date=December 26, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Maine College of Art]] has been a revitalizing force downtown, attracting students from around the country.  The historic [[Porteous (store)|Porteous Building]] on [[Congress Street (Portland, Maine)|Congress Street]] was restored by the college. Universities operating in the city are expanding. The [[University of Southern Maine]] is improving its Portland campus with a 580-bed dormitory, student center, and an arts center. The [[University of New England (United States)|University of New England]] intends to move its medical school from its [[Biddeford]] campus to its Portland campus. [[Northeastern University]]'s [[Roux Institute]] plans to build on the former [[B&M Baked Beans factory]] campus in East Deering.<ref name=":2" />

Portland is known as a walkable city, offering many opportunities for [[walking tour]]s which feature its maritime and architectural history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mainehistory.org/about_exploreportland.shtml/ |title=Explore the City of Portland - Maine Historical Society |access-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805231153/https://www.mainehistory.org/about_exploreportland.shtml |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>