Editing Port Aransas, Texas (section)

==History==

===Early history===

The [[Karankawa Indians]] were living a [[nomadic]] existence in the region when [[Spaniard]]s, led by [[Alonso Álvarez de Pineda]], probed the coast in 1519. Governor [[Francisco de Garay]] of [[Jamaica]] had commissioned him to explore the Gulf Coast from [[Florida]] to [[Veracruz|Vera Cruz]]. In the summer of 1519, Piñeda, took a fleet of four ships east to west around the Gulf Coast exploring and mapping five passes along the Texas coastline, including what is known today as [[Aransas Pass]].

In 1720, French explorer [[Pierre-Jean de Béranger]] was commissioned to explore St. Bernard Bay "[[Matagorda Bay]]" to establish a [[colony]] for [[France]] along its shores. Jean took an old Spanish ship that had been captured in Florida during the war with Spain, christened it ''St. Joseph'', and his travels resulted in the rediscovery of the Aransas Pass.

In 1739, Governor [[Prudencio de Orobio y Basterra]] named the pass Aránzazu Pass on his map of 1739, because it served the Aránzazu fort. The name was altered to Aransas on the map of a Captain Monroe of the ship ''Amos Wright'' in 1833.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rra03 |title=The Handbook of Texas Online - Aransas Pass}}</ref>

===Pirates of Port Aransas===
Port Aransas was a location of [[pirate]]s in the early 19th century. From about 1800 to the early 1820s, the Gulf Coast was a haunt of pirate ships searching for riches. Capt. [[Jean Lafitte]] and his [[buccaneer]]s spent time on the Texas coast; [[Galveston]] owed its start to him, and Mustang Island was one of his favorite haunts. Capt. Jean Lafitte used Mustang Island as a place to make camp, and according to legend, a place to hide his treasure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caller.com/news/2006/dec/06/village-on-st-josephs-was-a-victim-of-the-war/ |title=Village on St. Joseph's was a victim of the war}}</ref>

Local lore tells of pirate treasure buried in Port Aransas. The [[treasure chest]] is supposedly marked by a Spanish silver [[dagger]]. The dagger is believed to be laid on its side with a  silver spike driven through the hilt, securing the location.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bookrage.com/|title=GeographicWest Road Dispatch Number 1 - The Treasure Coast}}</ref>

===European settlement===
[[Image:Mustang island 0001.png|thumb|[[Mustang Island]]]]
The first recorded permanent settler in Port Aransas was Capt. Robert Ainsworth Mercer of [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]], [[England]]. He established a sheep and cattle ranch known as El Mar Rancho in 1853 or 1855. Herds of wild [[mustang horse|mustangs]] rambled over plush rangelands of the island when Mercer first settled there.

By 1854, the [[Texas Senate]] sanctioned a seven-mile (11&nbsp;km) channel from Corpus Christi to the Aransas Pass bar to better serve the Port of Corpus Christi. Also in the 1850s, a regular steamship service route for cargo and passengers was established between New Orleans and Mustang Island. As the pass was brought into permanence, local [[Maritime pilot|pilots]] were needed to guide the ships safely across the bar. For this, permanent structures were required to house the pilots, including docks, a lighthouse, storage, jetties, and a general store.

===Life Saving Station and the Lighthouse===
{{Main|Aransas Pass Light Station}}
In 1850, the [[United States Life-Saving Service]] built the 8th District [[United States Life Saving Station]] in Port Aransas. The station was built for the aid and rescue of shipwrecked mariners and was manned by full-time crews. The Life Saving Station was administered by the [[United States Revenue Marine]] (later renamed the [[United States Revenue Cutter Service]]) and was run with a volunteer crew, much like a [[volunteer fire department]].

About {{convert|1.5|acre|m2}} of land were bought from the State of Texas for $750.00 by the federal government and the Life Saving Station was built on the same site that the [[United States Coast Guard]] station stands on today. The Life Saving Station included a dock that stretched from the boathouse into the channel. The boats were hauled onto rails, and pushed into the boathouse when not in use. The small fleet of boats included a {{convert|16|ft|m|adj=on}} skiff, a {{convert|24|ft|m|adj=on}} surf boat, a {{convert|26|ft|m|adj=on}} whale boat, and a {{convert|27|ft|m|adj=on}} whale boat for rough [[Breaking wave|surf]].

Designated keeper in charge of the 8th District Life Saving Station on Mustang Island was John G. Mercer. Mercer<!-- , Robert's brother, --> was also one of the local bar pilots, and was appointed sometime in September 1880.<!-- This is confusing. John G. Mercer may be the same as John Mercer who is Robert's brother but who is Robert? -->

After the announcement of a regular [[steamship]] service route between New Orleans and Port Aransas, the [[United States Congress]] commissioned $12,500 for the construction of the [[Aransas Pass Light Station|Aransas Pass Lighthouse]]. Haggling over the lighthouse's specifications mired down the process and another survey was done. Meanwhile, the pass slowly moved south, as currents deposited sand on its north bank at the south end of Saint Joseph Island. It was then advised that a lightship be used to mark the pass. More surveying was done, more talk ensued, and then a proposition was accepted to erect a screw-pile lighthouse of brick.

In December 1855, the ship transporting the bricks struck, and then stuck, on the bar. The crewmates were all rescued, but the ship and its cargo went to the bottom of the sea. New bricks arrived in 1856, soon followed by the lantern room that would be set on top, and lastly a fourth order [[Fresnel lens]]. Also, a lighthouse keeper's dwelling, a small storage room, and docks were needed. The construction was complete by mid-1857 and the light guided ships through the pass later that year.

The [[Lydia Ann Channel Lighthouse]] was deactivated in 1952 after a major channel shift left the station a mile from the channel entrance. To better mark Aransas Pass, a new light was established in 1952 at the Port Aransas [[Coast Guard Station]], and the Aransas Pass Lighthouse was deactivated, just a few years shy of a century of service.

===The Civil War===
Around the start of the [[American Civil War]], the lens was taken out of the lantern room of the lighthouse and hidden in the  [[marsh]]lands behind the structure. This lighthouse was of utmost importance because it controlled the night-time pass. Whoever governed the light beacon regulated the night-time passageway. Without that light, the Union ships could only traverse the treacherous pass in the daytime, limiting Union ship movement in the blockade of the coastline.

The harbors in the [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]], [[Rockport, Texas|Rockport]]-St. Marys, [[Copano Bay]] area and Mustang and [[San José Island (Texas)|San Jose]] Islands were all supplying the [[Confederate Army]] with  beef, salt, seafood, and cotton supplies for the troops fighting the North, and [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]] was bent on stopping those shipments. Around November 1861, as expected, the Union Navy started a campaign of coastal [[blockade]]. Then, [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] off the Navy vessel [[USS Afton|USS ''Afton'']] surged ashore on San Jose Island and leveled the small town of Aransas, burning most of the houses, structures, warehouses, piers, docks, and wharf sometime in February 1862. The small town was all but wiped out, but remnants of it can still be found today. Jurisdiction of the lighthouse traded back and forth between the Confederate and Union detachments throughout the war.

Though Lt. [[J. W. Kittredge]] attempted the expropriation of Corpus Christi from the Southern forces, Maj. Alfred M. Hobby and troops sent the Union ships sailing away. By early that summer, Southern civilians had forsaken the islands rather than be under the rule of the North. [[United States Navy]] vessels under J. W. Kittredge (before he was captured) besieged the coast, using St. Joseph's Island and the few remaining structures on it as a depot to store captured cotton.

On Christmas Day of 1862, a move was made by Confederate General [[John B. Magruder]], who authorized a detachment of troops to commence the ruination of the lighthouse tower. [[Gunpowder]] kegs were clustered inside the tower and lit, resulting in the damaging of 20–25 feet of brickwork, the glass housing case, and the round stairwell.

The next significant stage in the war for this arena was on May 3, 1863, when Capt. [[Edwin E. Hobby]]'s Confederate company assaulted the Union garrison set to protect the lighthouse and killed 20 soldiers. On May 8, the Confederates once again maintained a battery on Mustang Island; later in the month, they pushed Union forces off St. Joseph's Island. But their victory would not be long lived as the Union comprehended the significance of the pass, and in November, federal troops under [[T. C. G. Robinson]] came back and regained control of the island.

===The Tarpon Inn===
[[File:Tarpon inn.jpg|thumb|The [[Tarpon Inn]] is on the [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Nueces County, Texas]].]]

The [[Tarpon Inn]] was built in 1886 with surplus lumber from Civil War barracks. It was built to house workers building the south jetty (known then as the Mansfield Jetty). In 1886, when the jetty was finished, the structure was converted into a hotel and called the Tarpon Inn. It was opened by Frank Stephenson and sold to Mary Hatfield and her son, Ed Cotter in 1897. After the [[1919 Florida Keys Hurricane|1919 hurricane]] destroyed the main structure, the inn was sold again in 1923 to James M. Ellis, who rebuilt the inn to resemble the old barracks.

When the Tarpon Inn was rebuilt in 1923, many of the new pilings were placed in concrete, with the ends extending up through the entire structure and into the attic. Because the Tarpon Inn was built with impressive reinforcements and a protected shelter, it has housed many residents during storms and has served as headquarters for the [[Red Cross]], the [[Salvation Army]], and military units.<ref name="Tarpon Inn Website">{{cite web |url=http://www.thetarponinn.com |title=Tarpon Inn Website }}</ref>

Two of the walls of the Tarpon Inn are covered with [[tarpon]] scales. Each of the scales has the signature and hometown of the angler who caught the tarpon and the length, weight, and date of the catch. Some of the people who have stayed at the Tarpon Inn include: President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who fished there in 1937; [[Duncan Hines]], who spent his [[honeymoon]] there; [[Hedy Lamarr]]; [[Victor McLaglen]]; [[Aimee Semple McPherson]]; [[Clyde Beatty]]; [[Bob Lilly]]; and physicist [[Edward Teller]].

In 1979, the Tarpon Inn was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and was recognized as a Texas Historic Landmark.<ref name="Tarpon Inn Website"/>

===Ropesville===
[[Elihu Harrison Ropes]], while visiting [[Galveston Island]] in 1887, saw the possibility of the development of a deep-water port on the Texas coast, and looked to Corpus Christi as the state's first much-needed deep-vessel port of call. After exploring Mustang Island, Ropes proclaimed a plan to excavate a channel through the island. To complete the venture, Ropes founded the [[Port Ropes Company]]. Mr. Ropes paid $25,000 for Mustang Island and purchased a dredge to dig the channel. In June 1890, Mr. Ropes launched the project to build a channel across the island to give the port of Corpus Christi a direct connection with the deep water of the Gulf of Mexico. By the end of 1891, however, the project was terminated due to many problems.

In 1888, the town's first official post office was established under the name Ropesville. This first official name of what is now Port Aransas did not last for long.

In 1890, the [[Aransas Pass & Harbor Company]], under government contracts, launched a plan to deepen the channel through the pass and over the sandbar. The plan called for the construction of two new jetties, but the plan failed to increase the depth of the channel. Another plan was put into action, calling for the blasting of the channel with thousands of pounds of dynamite, but this also failed. The newest jetties, and shallow draft would have to stay as they were for the time being.

In 1896, the name was changed to Tarpon because of the abundant game fish that filled the waters around it. The population at that time was about 250. The [[Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899]] called for the elimination of the old Mansfield Jetty "south jetty". The project was finished by 1911; while this was still going on, and after several private and government endeavors failed to produce a deep-water pass between Mustang and St. Joseph islands, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] took over the project in 1907, and was granted the right to build a new south "Nelson" jetty and to unite the "Haupt jetty" to St. Joseph Island that same year.

===1916 Texas Hurricane===
[[Image:1916-13.jpg|thumb|Storm surge damage from the [[1916 Texas Hurricane|1916 hurricane]]]]
The [[1916 Texas Hurricane]] destroyed Port Aransas except for a few buildings. The docks, wharf, and warehouses were now on the mainland, and the island was flooded and infested with rattlesnakes. The destruction of the 1916 Texas hurricane did not discourage the people of Port Aransas for very long. The Tarpon Inn was rebuilt and the docks, wharves, and warehouses were replaced. After the city was rebuilt, it became a destination for anglers, tourists, surfers, and vacationers.

===Transportation to and from Port Aransas===
A [[United States Census]] taken in 1925 showed 250 people living on the island, and a population of 300 by 1931. A toll road was opened in 1931 between the town of Aransas Pass and the ferry landing of Port Aransas. Before the toll road, a driver bought a ticket, loaded the vehicle onto a flatbed or train, and used the wooden planks inside the rails when the train was not on a scheduled run. With the advent of the toll road, drivers could simply pay a toll and drive on a wooded plank structure built next to the rail tracks. After the railroad closed in 1947, it was used only to transport automobiles until 1960, when the state built a modern road to Harbor Island from Corpus Christi and the ferry landing.

Today the Port Aransas Ferry System provides free transportation service 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The service connects Mustang Island and Port Aransas with the mainland of Aransas Pass. The number of boats in service at any one time depends on demand. Three boats carry 20 regular passenger vehicles, and five new larger ferries carry 28 passenger vehicles each trip. During peak hours, some travelers may need to wait while the ferry makes the trip across the channel. A 24-hour radio message (AM 530) provides information about ferry regulations and can be used for live broadcasts for emergency situations. A maximum vehicle height of 13 feet 6 inches is allowed. A maximum vehicle width of 96 inches is allowed. The maximum weight limit is 80,000 pounds. Peak months include June, July, and August. The ferry system is maintained by the [[Texas Department of Transportation]].

===The University of Texas Marine Science Institute===
[[Image:UTMSI 2007.jpg|thumb|The Marine Science Institute and Visitor Center in 2007]]
In 1935, Dr. [[E. J. Lund]], a zoologist from [[the University of Texas]], traveled to Port Aransas to investigate a massive fish kill. He constructed a small, rough lumber, one-room shack on the old Corps of Engineers dock.  Dr. Lund recognized the value of the local environment and the need for public education about the natural resources of the Gulf of Mexico and gradually rekindled interest in marine science at the university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utmsi.utexas.edu/institute/history.htm |title=The University of Texas Marine Science Institute |access-date=2007-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513122531/http://www.utmsi.utexas.edu/institute/history.htm |archive-date=2008-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1941, [[The University of Texas Marine Science Institute]] was formed with Dr. Lund as the first director. Research began in the old pier building with one of the first projects being on the distribution, life history, and abundance of marine fishes of Texas, by Dr. Lund and [[Dr. Gordon Gunter]], who was Lund's student and later followed Lund as director. Gunter also undertook a study for the U.S. Navy on the problem of fouling on ships' bottoms.

With the end of the war, development of the institute resumed. Lund purchased and donated {{convert|12|acre|m2}}. The old [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] building, constructed in 1890 and veteran of several hurricanes, was included. This building is still there today and serves as a [[dormitory]] where students relax on an old-fashioned porch and watch ships and dolphins almost at the doorstep on the Aransas Pass.

In 1946, the first permanent marine laboratory was established in Port Aransas, Texas. Two frame buildings were constructed, which still serve as the cafeteria and a dormitory, and a full-time staff was in residence. A laboratory was built on the pier in 1948 and major expansion of physical facilities took place in the 1970s with the acquisition of {{convert|49|acre|m2}} of land, additional laboratories, dormitory, apartments, maintenance complex, and a {{frac|5|1|4}}-acre boat basin.

===Port Aransas during World War II===

During World War II, an artillery [[gun turret]] was erected by the [[United States Army]] and maintained throughout the war, on a high dune just off Cotter St. across from the UT campus, and is now part of the UT properties. It was placed to protect the pass from sightings of German U-boats. [[Blackout (wartime)|Blackouts]] were called on all the island during nighttime hours, no fires on the beach or car lights, and house windows could not show light and had to be covered with heavy curtains, blankets, or wood.

===The Farley Boat and Port Aransas===
In the early 20th century, tarpon fishing began to attract anglers and tourists from across America to Port Aransas. Because of the choppy waters around Port Aransas, though, access to the Gulf Coast was restricted. The boats of the day were not designed to handle the rough Gulf Coast waters and storms in the early 20th century wiped out the existing charter fleet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bexarfly.com/articles/profiles/article_2/default.html |title=Farley Boats And Tarpon: The Farley Family Boatbuilders |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928082328/http://bexarfly.com/articles/profiles/article_2/default.html |archive-date=2009-09-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portasouthjetty.com/news/2007/0308/island_life/057.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906183309/http://www.portasouthjetty.com/news/2007/0308/island_life/057.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-06 |title=Boat painting party set March 10 |access-date=2007-03-08 }}</ref>

To meet the needs of anglers coming from across the country to fish for tarpon, the Farley family began building the [[Farley boat]]. In 1915, Charles Frederick ("Fred") Farley and his son established [[Farley and Son, Boat Builders]], in Port Aransas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portasouthjetty.com/news/2007/0118/island_life/058.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907024512/http://www.portasouthjetty.com/news/2007/0118/island_life/058.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-07 |title=Farley to speak of boats |access-date=2007-01-25 }}</ref> The Farley boats were designed to meet the needs of anglers and fishing guides. They were designed with low sides and a high bow to fight the choppy waves. The Farley boats were also designed with low cabins that allowed fishing in every direction.

In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited Port Aransas and while Congress was debating his [[Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937]], he fished for tarpon. He hired [[Barney Farley]], the famous fishing guide and brother of Fred Farley.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757815,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119112556/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757815,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2008 |title=Off Port Aransas |magazine= Time | date=May 17, 1937}}</ref>

The president brought his own {{convert|35|ft|m|adj=on}} fishing boat and Barney Farley agreed to take the president out on the boat. After an unsuccessful outing, Barney Farley convinced the president to fish from a Farley boat, but his nephew, Don Farley, would take him. Though he had a successful outing, Don said, "I can't believe he caught so many because of the secret service running around on boats in the water." The president caught so many tarpon that he returned to Port Aransas later that year to again fish with Barney Farley on a Farley boat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamu.edu/upress/BOOKS/2002/sample/farleychap.pdf |title=President Roosevelt as I Knew Him |year=2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.portasouthjetty.com/articles/town-mourns-farley/|title=Town mourns Farley - Port Aransas South Jetty|date=22 November 2012|access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>

Today, Farley boat planters are located all over the city of Port Aransas, celebrating the history and importance of the Farley boat along the Gulf Coast.

===Hurricane Harvey===
Port Aransas suffered major damage as a result of the landfall of [[Hurricane Harvey]] in August 2017,<ref>[http://www.kiiitv.com/weather/hurricane/port-aransas-trailer-park-a-100-percent-loss-search-and-rescue-underway/467644031 Mayor: Port Aransas trailer park a '100-percent' loss, search and rescue starts] - KiiiTV.com</ref> with wind speeds of 132&nbsp;mph (212&nbsp;km/h, 59&nbsp;m/s) being recorded.

===Modern day===
Port Aransas has now become a fishing, beach, and resort village, with summer populations sometimes swelling to 60,000 or more, as well as a college spring-break destination. Every year in April, Port Aransas hosts an event called [http://www.texassandfest.org/ Sand Fest], which brings thousands of people to Port Aransas to watch sculptors build elaborate sand castles. The event has food vendors, shopping, and live music, as well. All of the money raised from the event goes to the community and local schools.