Editing Pope Pius XII (section)

==Early life==
{{Main|Early life of Pope Pius XII}}
[[File:Eugenio1882.jpg|upright|thumb|150px|left|Eugenio Pacelli at the age of six in 1882]]
Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli was born on the second day of Lent, 2 March 1876, in [[Rome]] into an upper-class family of intense Catholic piety with a history of ties to the papacy (the "[[Black Nobility]]"). His parents were {{ill|Filippo Pacelli|it|Filippo Pacelli}} (1837–1916) and Virginia (née Graziosi) Pacelli (1844–1920). His grandfather {{ill|Marcantonio Pacelli|it|Marcantonio Pacelli}} had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances<ref>Pollard, 2005, p. 70</ref> and then Secretary of the Interior under [[Pope Pius IX]] from 1851 to 1870 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper, ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' in 1861.<ref>Marchione, 2004, p. 1</ref><ref>Gerard Noel, Pius XII:The Hound of Hitler, p. 5</ref> His cousin, [[Ernesto Pacelli]], was a key financial advisor to [[Pope Leo XIII]]; his father, Filippo Pacelli, a [[Franciscan]] [[Third order|tertiary]],<ref>O'Brien, p. 1</ref> was the dean of the [[Roman Rota]]; and his brother, [[Francesco Pacelli]], became a [[Laity|lay]] [[canon law]]yer and the legal advisor to [[Pope Pius XI]], in which role he negotiated the [[Lateran Treaty]] in 1929 with [[Benito Mussolini]], bringing an end to the [[Roman Question]].

Together with his brother Francesco (1872–1935) and his two sisters, Giuseppina (1874–1955) and Elisabetta (1880–1970),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, aka Pope Pius XII |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/LZLV-462 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=familysearch.org}}</ref> he grew up in the [[Parione]] district in the centre of Rome. Soon after the family had moved to Via Vetrina in 1880, he began school at the convent of the French [[Sisters of Divine Providence]] in the Piazza Fiammetta. The family worshipped at [[Santa Maria in Vallicella|Chiesa Nuova]]. Eugenio and the other children made their [[First Communion]] at this church and Eugenio served there as an [[altar boy]] from 1886. In 1886, he also was sent to the private school of Professor Giuseppe Marchi, close to the [[Piazza Venezia]].<ref>Paul O'Shea, A Cross Too Heavy, 2011, p. 79</ref> In 1891 Pacelli's father sent Eugenio to the [[Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio]], a state school situated in what had been the [[Collegio Romano]], the premier Jesuit university in Rome.

In 1894, aged 18, Pacelli began his theology studies at Rome's oldest seminary, the [[Almo Collegio Capranica]],<ref>O'Shea, p. 81</ref> and in November of the same year, registered to take a philosophy course at the Jesuit [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] and theology at the [[Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare]]. He was also enrolled at the [[University of Rome La Sapienza|State University, La Sapienza]] where he studied modern languages and history. At the end of the first academic year however, in the summer of 1895, he dropped out of both the Capranica and the Gregorian University. According to his sister Elisabetta, the food at the Capranica was to blame.<ref>Cornwell, p. 22</ref> Having received a special dispensation he continued his studies from home and so spent most of his seminary years as an external student. In 1899, he completed his education in Sacred Theology with a doctoral degree awarded on the basis of a short dissertation and an oral examination in [[Latin]].<ref>Cornwell, p. 23</ref>