Editing Pope Pius III (section)

==Life==
===Early life===
Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, a member of the House of [[Piccolomini]] was born in [[Sarteano]]<ref>D. Bandini (1950), "Memorie Piccolominee in Sarteano", ''Bullettino Senese di Storia Patria'' Anno LVII (1950), pp. 107–130.</ref> on 9 May 1439,<ref>The earliest biography of Pius III, written by the Vatican Library employee, Onuphrio Panvinio, states that Piccolomini was born on 9 May, not 29 May: "Ipse natus erat vij idus Maij." {{cite book|author1=Bartolomeo Platina|author2=Onuphrio Panvinio|title=Historia B. Platinae de vitis pontificum Romanorum, a D.N. Jesu Christo usque ad Paulum II. venetum ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eFaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA364|year=1568|publisher=Maternus Cholinus|location=Cologne|language=la|page=364}} The same is said by (among others) {{cite book|author=Alexis Artaud de Montor|title=The lives and times of the popes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_poYAAAAYAAJ|volume=IV|year=1911|publisher=Catholic Publication Society of America|location=New York|page=202}}; and by Matteo Sanfilippo (2015), [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-pio-iii_(Dizionario-Biografico) "Pio III, papa."] ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' Volume 83 (Treccani 2015).</ref> as the fourth child of Nanno Todeschini<ref>For the Todeschini family, see Domenico Bandini, "Gli antenati di Pio III," ''Bulletino senese della storia patria'' 25 (1966–1968), pp. 239–251.</ref> and Laudomia Piccolomini, the sister of [[Pope Pius II]].

Francesco was received as a boy into the household of Aeneas Silvius who permitted him to assume the name and arms of the Piccolomini family. He studied [[Canon law]] at the [[University of Perugia]], and obtained a [[doctorate]] after the completion of his studies.<ref>Richardson (2003), "The housing opportunities of a Renaissance cardinal," pp. 607–608.</ref>

===Cardinalate===

In 1457,<ref>Sanfilippo (2015), [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-pio-iii_(Dizionario-Biografico) "Pio III, papa."] ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' Volume 83, places the date of the investiture after the coronation of Pius II on 3 September 1458.</ref> Todeschini-Piccolomini was granted the office of Provost of the [[Collegiate Church]] of Sankt Viktor in Xanten (later [[Xanten Cathedral]]), which had been a benefice of his uncle.  Francesco held the benefice from 1457 to 1466, and again from 1476 to 1495.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Christian Lackner|author2=Daniel Luger|title=Modus supplicandi: Zwischen herrschaftlicher Gnade und importunitas petentium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chSiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|year=2019|publisher=Böhlau Verlag|location=Wien|language=de|isbn=978-3-205-23239-1|page=22}}</ref>

Cardinal Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini was elected pope as [[Pope Pius II|Pius II]] on [[1458 papal conclave|19 August 1458]]. In the excited tumult following the announcement, the Roman mob sacked his house, which was located near the church of [[Sant'Agostino, Rome|S. Agostino]], not far from the north end of the [[Piazza Navona]]; even the marble stones were taken. When the Piccolomini family arrived in Rome, therefore, they had no palazzo of their own to use as their base of operations. Francesco moved into the [[Vatican Palace]] with his uncle.<ref>Richardson (2003), p. 608.</ref> Pius II was aware that this was a temporary situation; he remarked in a letter to his nephew Antonio that "One is not the nephew of a pope forever (''non-semper pontificis nepos'').<ref>Richardson (2003), p. 608 with note 6, quoting from an unpublished letter in the Bibliotheca Angelica in Rome.</ref> In 1461, the Pope authorized Cardinal Francesco to purchase a property near the [[Campo de' Fiori]] in Rome which had belonged to the recently deceased Cardinal [[Giovanni Castiglione (cardinal)|Giovanni Castiglione]]. The documents made it clear that it was not the Pope or the Papacy which were buying the property, but the Piccolomini family, and that it was private property, not property of the Church, even though Cardinal Francesco's deaconry was not far distant. On this land, Cardinal Francesco, with the Pope's help, built the Piccolomini Palace. In 1476, Cardinal Francesco deeded the palace to his brothers Giacomo and Andrea, and their descendants, on the condition that it not be alienated from the male line. The Palazzo Piccolomini no longer survives, having been razed to make room for the new church of [[Sant'Andrea della Valle]], which was begun in 1591.<ref>The palace was still standing in 1592. Richardson (2003), pp. 609–610.</ref>

Piccolomini already held the office of [[protonotary apostolic]]<ref>Sanfilippo (2015), [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-pio-iii_(Dizionario-Biografico) "Pio III, papa."] ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' Volume 83, places the grant in October 1458, a few weeks before being appointed Administrator of Siena.</ref> at the time that he was appointed the administrator of the [[Archdiocese of Siena]]<ref>Pius II had raised the diocese of Siena to the status of an archbishopric in 1459.</ref> in 1460.<ref>The Archbishop of Siena, Antonio Piccolomini, had died on 8 November 1459; Francesco made his arrangements with the Apostolic Camera for his bulls and fees on 6 February 1460: Eubel II, p. 235. Pius II makes clear in his ''Commentarii'' that Francesco was only the Administrator. Carol Richardson, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310980 "The Lost Will and Testament of Cardinal Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (1439–1503),"] ''Papers of the British School at Rome'' Vol. 66 (1998), p. 193, note 3. Francesco was only 21 when he was appointed, which was far below the canonical age for episcopal consecration. Williams, p. 50.</ref> He was granted the title and the insignia of an archbishop, but he did not receive [[episcopal consecration]] until a week before his coronation as pope. The episcopal duties at Siena were carried out by an auxiliary bishop, [[Antonio Fatati]].<ref>Novaes, ''Elementi'' VI, p. 127.</ref>

Pope Pius II, who was visiting [[Siena]] at the time, appointed his nephew a cardinal on 5 March 1460, naming him Cardinal-Deacon of [[Sant'Eustachio]] on 26 March.<ref>Francesco was not in Siena at the time, and arrived there only on 19 March. He received his red hat on 21 March, and was assigned his deaconry on 26 March. Eubel II, p. 13, no. 5, with note 6.</ref>

He was also named [[commendatory abbot]] of the monastery of [[San Vigilio, Siena]].<ref>Sanfilippo (2015), [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-pio-iii_(Dizionario-Biografico) "Pio III, papa."] ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' Volume 83, places the grant in October 1458.</ref> He reconstructed and extended the residence next to the church, which he continued to use throughout his life.<ref>Nevola, pp. 120–121, 167, 243 note 34.</ref>

In 1460, the Pope appointed him legate of the [[March of Ancona]], with the experienced [[Bishop of Marsico]] as his counsellor. He departed Rome on 30 April, and returned on 1 February 1461 for consultations; he returned to [[Ancona]] on 1 June 1461, and was back in Rome on 8 November.<ref>Eubel II, pp. 32–34, nos. 205, 209, 211, 214.</ref> He proved studious and effective in his job.

Piccolomini was made the archdeacon of Brabant in [[Cambrai]] in 1462 and he held that benefice until 1503.<ref>His appointment was confirmed on 23 April 1463, and he was obligated for annates from 9 January 1462; see: {{cite book|editor=Henry Dubrulle|title=Bullaire de la province de Reims sous le pontificat de Pie II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHh_KeJTDr0C&pg=PA156|year=1905|publisher=R. Giard|location=Lille|language=fr|page=156, no. 772}} Richardson (1998), p. 203, note 49, gives the date 1461. In his Will of 1493, Piccolomini granted the archdiaconate of Brabant a cope worth fifty gold florins ''de camera''.</ref> On 26 March 1463, Pope Pius II granted Cardinal Francesco the monastery of [[San Saba, Rome|San Saba]] on the [[Aventine Hill]] ''[[in commendam]]''. The cardinal immediately began extensive restoration, construction, and decoration works on the ancient buildings, spending at least 3,000 [[ducat]]s on the work.<ref>Carol Richardson (2003), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24413713 "The housing opportunities of a Renaissance cardinal"], pp. 612–625. She points out that the 3,000 ducats was three-quarters of what an acceptable minimum annual salary of a cardinal was deemed acceptable.</ref>

Piccolomini was named Vicar of [[Rome]] and the rest of the [[Papal States]] on 21 June 1464, as Pius II departed Rome for Ancona, where he intended to meet the Venetians and launch a crusade in the Balkans. However, Pius II died at Ancona on 14 August 1464, terminating the project.<ref>Eubel II, p. 34, nos. 249, 251.</ref>

====Conclaves of 1464 and 1471====
{{main|1464 papal conclave|1471 papal conclave}}
Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini participated in the [[Papal conclave|conclave]] that elected [[Pope Paul II]] in 1464. As a nephew of the late pope, he should have had considerable influence in the politics of the election. Of the twenty cardinals who participated, however, the twelve who had not been named by Pius II agreed among themselves that they would not vote to elect anyone except one of themselves. This excluded Francesco Piccolomini and all of his uncle's cardinals. As it happened, the first vote was still in progress when Cardinal Pietro Barbo of Venice received the required two-thirds of the votes, and the scrutiny was quickly made unanimous. He chose the name [[Pope Paul II|Paul II]] (1464–1471).<ref>F. Petruccelli della Gattina, ''Histoire diplomatique des conclaves'' Volume I (Paris: 1864), pp. 273–283. Pastor, ''History of the Popes'', Volume III (1906), pp. 348–374; Volume IV (1894), pp. 3–35.</ref>

Cardinal Piccolomini was named ''Legatus de latere'' in Germany on 20 February 1471.<ref>Franz Wasner, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830415 "'Legatus a latere': Addenda varia,"] ''Traditio'' 16 (1960), pp. 405–416, at 413-414. Hermann Diemar, "Kõln und das Reich, II Theil, 1452–1474," ''Mittheilungen aus dem Stadtarchiv von Koln'' 9, Heft XXIV und XXV (Köln 1894), p. 327.(</ref> He was accompanied as his secretary by Agostino Patrizi Piccolomini, the former private secretary of Pius II, who wrote an account of the mission.<ref>H. Kramer (1949), 'Agostino Patrizzis Beschreibung der Reise des Kardinallegaten Francesco Piccolomini zum Christentag in Regensburg 1471," ''Mitteilungen des Österr. Staatsarchivs'', Erganzungsband 2 (Festschrift 1;
1949) 549-565. {{cite book|author=Francesco Buranelli|title=Habemus papam : le elezioni pontificie da S. Pietro a Benedetto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nitGAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=De Luca|location=Roma|language=it|page=12|isbn=9788880167440}}</ref> He departed on 18 March,<ref>Eubel II, p. 37, no. 302.</ref> and served in this important legation for the [[Diet of Ratisbon (1541)|Imperial diet at Regensburg/Ratisbon]],<ref>Franz Wasner, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830370 "Fifteenth-century Tests on the Ceremonial of the papal 'Legatus a latere',"] ''Traditio'' Vol. 14 (1958), pp. 295–358, at pp. 335–339.</ref> and was still there when the Pope died on 26 July 1471. Consequently, he was absent for the Conclave of 1471 which elected [[Pope Sixtus IV]]. He returned to Rome on 27 December 1471.<ref>Eubel II, p. 37, no. 312.</ref>

He succeeded to the position of [[Cardinal Protodeacon]] in 1471, upon the promotion of Cardinal [[Pope Alexander VI|Rodrigo Borgia]] to the [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano|see of Albano]] on 30 August 1471.

Francesco served in a new legation for [[Pope Sixtus IV]], to restore ecclesiastical authority in [[Umbria]].<ref>''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol.19, Ed. Thomas Spencer Baynes, (Henry G. Allen Company, 1890), 153.</ref>

====Conclaves of 1484 and 1492====
{{main|1484 papal conclave|1492 papal conclave}}

Todeschini-Piccolomini participated in the conclave of 1484 which resulted in the election of [[Pope Innocent VIII]], and as the protodeacon he made the first public announcement of the election and [[Papal coronation|crowned]] the new pope. According to [[Stefano Infessura]], he was one of the half-dozen cardinals who had slept soundly in their beds on the night between 28 August and 29 August, and had not participated in the clandestine midnight conferences that produced a two-thirds majority for Cardinal Giovanni Battista Cibo. Neither had he engaged in the extensive simoniac trading that took place.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stefano Infessura|editor=Oreste Tommasini|title=Diario della città di Roma di Stefano Infessura scribasenato|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RF8KAAAAIAAJ|year=1890|publisher=Forzani|location=Roma|language=la|page=171}}</ref>

He was made the administrator of [[Fermo]] in 1485; he resigned the position in 1494, in favor of Agostino Piccolomini{{Citation needed|reason=Have not seen any reference to Fermo in any information about Agostino, if this is reffering to Agostino Patrizi|date=January 2024}}. He was reappointed when Agostino resigned in 1496, and he kept that post until his election to the Papacy.

He was appointed papal legate to Perugia on 5 November 1488, and departed Rome on 15 November. He served in Perugia until 1489.<ref>Eubel II, p. 49, no. 532.</ref>

Todeschini-Piccolomini participated in the conclave of 1492 which elected [[Pope Alexander VI]]. He belonged to the faction of the more senior cardinals who gathered around Cardinal [[Oliviero Carafa]] of Naples. Cardinal Francesco was sufficiently respected that he received six votes at the first scrutiny (Sixteen were needed to elect), seven on the second, and one on the third. He resisted the election of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia almost to the end, as one of the five hold-outs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ferdinando La Torre|title=Del conclave di Alessandro VI, papa Borgia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10YsAAAAIAAJ|year=1933|publisher=Olschki|location=Firenze|language=it|pages=89–92|isbn=9788822217837}}</ref> As Cardinal Protodeacon Piccolomini announced and crowned the new pontiff.

He served as the protector of [[Kingdom of England|England]] at the Roman Curia from 1492 to 1503,<ref>Wilkie, 1974, p. 18.</ref> and of [[Germany]].

He was appointed legate to King [[Charles VIII of France]], whose army was then entering Tuscany, in the consistory of 1 October 1494, departing Rome on 17 October; he returned to Rome on 5 March 1495, after the King declined to meet him.<ref>C. Maumené, [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k431824g/f676.image.r=Maumene "Une ambassade du pape Alexandre VI au roi Charles VIII. Le cardinal François Piccolomini,"] in: ''Revue de Deux Mondes'', série 5, LII (1909), pp. 677–708. {{in lang|fr}} Eubel II, pp. 51–52, nos. 560, 562, 575.</ref> On 27 May 1495, he and numerous other cardinals accompanied Pope Alexander VI on a visit to [[Orvieto]], which had been arranged to avoid a meeting between the Pope and King Charles, who was returning from his expedition against [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]]. Charles was in Rome from 1 to 4 June, and the Pope and his retinue returned to the city on 27 June.<ref>Eubel II, p. 52, no. 580. {{cite book|author=Ferdinand Gregorovius|title=History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaA4AQAAMAAJ|edition=from 4th German|volume=VII, part 1|year=1900|publisher=G. Bell & sons|location=London|pages=396–401}}</ref>

He was named the administrator of the diocese of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pienza#Diocese of Pienza e Montalcino|Pienza and Montalcino]] on 31 October 1495, and occupied it until 14 March 1498, when he resigned in favor of his relative, Girolamo Piccolomini.<ref>Eubel II, p. 216.</ref>

Following the murder of his son [[Giovanni Borgia (1474–1497)|Giovanni Borgia]] in 1497, Alexander VI appointed Francesco Piccolomini a member of a commission of six cardinals, in a short-lived effort to reform the [[Roman Curia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mandell Creighton|title=A History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfdJAAAAMAAJ|volume=III: The Italian Princes|year=1887|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin & Company|location=Boston|pages=256–258}} The names of the six cardinals are given in [https://archive.org/details/idiariidimarinos01sanu/page/n6/mode/2up ''I diarii di Marino Sanuto''] Tomo I (Venezia 1879), p. 654: Oliviero Carafa, Jorge da Costa, Giovanni San Giorgio, Antoniotto Pallavicini, Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, and Raffaele Riario.</ref> On 8 February 1501, Pope Alexander also appointed Piccolomini, in his capacity as Protodeacon, to a commission to take charge of the income from the [[tithe]] (''decuma''), and dispensing it for yet another contemplated crusade against the Turks.<ref>Eubel II, p. 55, no. 637. Pastor VI, pp. 85–102, at p. 99.</ref>

====The Piccolomini Library====
In 1502 he commissioned a library with access from an aisle of [[Siena Cathedral]] that was intended to house the library of [[Renaissance humanism|humanist texts]] assembled by his uncle. Francesco commissioned the artist [[Pinturicchio]] to fresco its vault and ten narrative panels along the walls, depicting scenes from the life of [[Pope Pius II]]. Its iconography illustrating the donor's career gives an edited version of Pius II's life, passing over his former support of the [[Antipope]] [[Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy|Felix V]]. Though Pinturicchio labored for five years, the books never reached their splendid destination;{{Explain|date=February 2020}} yet the Piccolomini Library is a monument of the [[Renaissance art|High Renaissance]] in Siena.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} Some of Pope Pius III's most famous portraits can be viewed in the [[Louvre]] Museum.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}